如果您希望尽可能地创建一个纯a进程，您可以使用clone()并设置所有克隆标志。(或者调用fork()来节省打字的时间)

如果你想创建一个纯粹的线程，你可以使用clone()并清除所有的clone标志(或者节省你自己的输入工作并调用pthread_create())

有28个标志指示资源共享的级别。这意味着你可以创建超过2.68亿种类型的任务，这取决于你想分享什么。

这就是我们所说的Linux不区分进程和线程，而是指程序中的任何控制流都是任务的意思。不区分两者的理由是，嗯，并不是唯一定义了超过2.68亿种口味!

因此，做出是使用进程还是线程的“完美决定”实际上就是决定克隆28种资源中的哪一种。

这取决于很多因素。进程比线程更重，启动和关闭成本更高。进程间通信(IPC)也比线程间通信更困难、更慢。

相反，进程比线程更安全，因为每个进程都运行在自己的虚拟地址空间中。如果一个进程崩溃或缓冲区溢出，它根本不会影响任何其他进程，而如果一个线程崩溃，它会关闭进程中的所有其他线程，如果一个线程缓冲区溢出，它会在所有线程中打开一个安全漏洞。

因此，如果应用程序的模块可以在很少通信的情况下独立运行，那么如果能够负担得起启动和关闭成本，则可能应该使用进程。IPC对性能的影响将是最小的，并且您在漏洞和安全漏洞方面会稍微安全一些。如果您需要获得或拥有大量共享数据(例如复杂的数据结构)，那么请使用线程。

多线程是为受虐狂准备的。：）

If you are concerned about an environment where you are constantly creating threads/forks, perhaps like a web server handling requests, you can pre-fork processes, hundreds if necessary. Since they are Copy on Write and use the same memory until a write occurs, it's very fast. They can all block, listening on the same socket and the first one to accept an incoming TCP connection gets to run with it. With g++ you can also assign functions and variables to be closely placed in memory (hot segments) to ensure when you do write to memory, and cause an entire page to be copied at least subsequent write activity will occur on the same page. You really have to use a profiler to verify that kind of stuff but if you are concerned about performance, you should be doing that anyway.

Development time of threaded apps is 3x to 10x times longer due to the subtle interaction on shared objects, threading "gotchas" you didn't think of, and very hard to debug because you cannot reproduce thread interaction problems at will. You may have to do all sort of performance killing checks like having invariants in all your classes that are checked before and after every function and you halt the process and load the debugger if something isn't right. Most often it's embarrassing crashes that occur during production and you have to pore through a core dump trying to figure out which threads did what. Frankly, it's not worth the headache when forking processes is just as fast and implicitly thread safe unless you explicitly share something. At least with explicit sharing you know exactly where to look if a threading style problem occurs.

如果性能如此重要，那就增加另一台计算机和负载平衡。对于开发人员调试一个多线程应用程序的成本，即使是由一个有经验的多线程程序编写的应用程序，你可能会买4块40核的英特尔主板，每块都有64g内存。

That being said, there are asymmetric cases where parallel processing isn't appropriate, like, you want a foreground thread to accept user input and show button presses immediately, without waiting for some clunky back end GUI to keep up. Sexy use of threads where multiprocessing isn't geometrically appropriate. Many things like that just variables or pointers. They aren't "handles" that can be shared in a fork. You have to use threads. Even if you did fork, you'd be sharing the same resource and subject to threading style issues.

如果您希望尽可能地创建一个纯a进程，您可以使用clone()并设置所有克隆标志。(或者调用fork()来节省打字的时间)

如果你想创建一个纯粹的线程，你可以使用clone()并清除所有的clone标志(或者节省你自己的输入工作并调用pthread_create())

有28个标志指示资源共享的级别。这意味着你可以创建超过2.68亿种类型的任务，这取决于你想分享什么。

这就是我们所说的Linux不区分进程和线程，而是指程序中的任何控制流都是任务的意思。不区分两者的理由是，嗯，并不是唯一定义了超过2.68亿种口味!

因此，做出是使用进程还是线程的“完美决定”实际上就是决定克隆28种资源中的哪一种。

如果你需要共享资源，你真的应该使用线程。

还要考虑这样一个事实:线程之间的上下文切换比进程之间的上下文切换代价要小得多。

我认为没有理由明确地使用单独的进程，除非你有一个很好的理由这样做(安全，经过验证的性能测试，等等……)

在我最近的LINUX工作中，需要注意的一件事是库。如果您正在使用线程，请确保跨线程使用的所有库都是线程安全的。这让我疼了好几次。值得注意的是，libxml2并不是开箱即用的线程安全的。它可以用线程安全编译，但这不是你用aptitude install得到的。