如果您希望尽可能地创建一个纯a进程，您可以使用clone()并设置所有克隆标志。(或者调用fork()来节省打字的时间)

如果你想创建一个纯粹的线程，你可以使用clone()并清除所有的clone标志(或者节省你自己的输入工作并调用pthread_create())

有28个标志指示资源共享的级别。这意味着你可以创建超过2.68亿种类型的任务，这取决于你想分享什么。

这就是我们所说的Linux不区分进程和线程，而是指程序中的任何控制流都是任务的意思。不区分两者的理由是，嗯，并不是唯一定义了超过2.68亿种口味!

因此，做出是使用进程还是线程的“完美决定”实际上就是决定克隆28种资源中的哪一种。

多线程是为受虐狂准备的。：）

If you are concerned about an environment where you are constantly creating threads/forks, perhaps like a web server handling requests, you can pre-fork processes, hundreds if necessary. Since they are Copy on Write and use the same memory until a write occurs, it's very fast. They can all block, listening on the same socket and the first one to accept an incoming TCP connection gets to run with it. With g++ you can also assign functions and variables to be closely placed in memory (hot segments) to ensure when you do write to memory, and cause an entire page to be copied at least subsequent write activity will occur on the same page. You really have to use a profiler to verify that kind of stuff but if you are concerned about performance, you should be doing that anyway.

Development time of threaded apps is 3x to 10x times longer due to the subtle interaction on shared objects, threading "gotchas" you didn't think of, and very hard to debug because you cannot reproduce thread interaction problems at will. You may have to do all sort of performance killing checks like having invariants in all your classes that are checked before and after every function and you halt the process and load the debugger if something isn't right. Most often it's embarrassing crashes that occur during production and you have to pore through a core dump trying to figure out which threads did what. Frankly, it's not worth the headache when forking processes is just as fast and implicitly thread safe unless you explicitly share something. At least with explicit sharing you know exactly where to look if a threading style problem occurs.

如果性能如此重要，那就增加另一台计算机和负载平衡。对于开发人员调试一个多线程应用程序的成本，即使是由一个有经验的多线程程序编写的应用程序，你可能会买4块40核的英特尔主板，每块都有64g内存。

That being said, there are asymmetric cases where parallel processing isn't appropriate, like, you want a foreground thread to accept user input and show button presses immediately, without waiting for some clunky back end GUI to keep up. Sexy use of threads where multiprocessing isn't geometrically appropriate. Many things like that just variables or pointers. They aren't "handles" that can be shared in a fork. You have to use threads. Even if you did fork, you'd be sharing the same resource and subject to threading style issues.

更复杂的是，还有线程本地存储和Unix共享内存。

Thread-local storage allows each thread to have a separate instance of global objects. The only time I've used it was when constructing an emulation environment on linux/windows, for application code that ran in an RTOS. In the RTOS each task was a process with it's own address space, in the emulation environment, each task was a thread (with a shared address space). By using TLS for things like singletons, we were able to have a separate instance for each thread, just like under the 'real' RTOS environment.

共享内存(显然)可以为您带来让多个进程访问相同内存的性能优势，但代价是必须正确地同步进程。一种方法是让一个进程在共享内存中创建一个数据结构，然后通过传统的进程间通信(如命名管道)向该结构发送句柄。

Linux使用1-1线程模型，(对内核来说)没有进程和线程的区别——一切都只是一个可运行的任务。＊

在Linux上，系统调用clone克隆一个任务，共享级别可配置，其中包括:

CLONE_FILES:共享相同的文件描述符表(而不是创建一个副本) CLONE_PARENT:不要在新任务和旧任务之间建立父子关系(否则，child的getppid() = parent的getpid()) CLONE_VM:共享相同的内存空间(而不是创建COW副本)

Fork()调用clone(共享最少)，pthread_create()调用clone(共享最多)。**

fork的成本比pthread_creation略高，因为需要复制表并为内存创建COW映射，但是Linux内核开发人员已经尝试(并成功)将这些成本最小化。

如果任务共享相同的内存空间和不同的表，那么它们之间的切换将比不共享的任务稍微便宜一些，因为数据可能已经加载到缓存中了。然而，即使没有任何共享，切换任务仍然非常快——这是Linux内核开发人员试图确保(并成功确保)的另一件事。

事实上，如果您在多处理器系统上，不共享实际上可能有利于性能:如果每个任务都在不同的处理器上运行，同步共享内存的成本很高。

*简化。CLONE_THREAD导致信号传递被共享(这需要共享信号处理程序表的CLONE_SIGHAND)。

* *简化。SYS_fork和SYS_clone系统调用都存在，但是在内核中，SYS_fork和SYS_clone都是对同一个do_fork函数的非常薄的包装，而do_fork函数本身也是对copy_process的薄包装。是的，进程、线程和任务这三个术语在Linux内核中是可以互换使用的……

在我最近的LINUX工作中，需要注意的一件事是库。如果您正在使用线程，请确保跨线程使用的所有库都是线程安全的。这让我疼了好几次。值得注意的是，libxml2并不是开箱即用的线程安全的。它可以用线程安全编译，但这不是你用aptitude install得到的。

线程/进程之间的决定取决于您将使用它来做什么。 进程的好处之一是它有一个PID，可以在不终止父进程的情况下被杀死。

对于一个真实世界的web服务器的例子，apache 1.3过去只支持多进程，但是在2.0中他们增加了一个抽象，这样你就可以在两者之间切换。评论似乎同意进程更健壮，但线程可以提供更好的性能(除了那些进程性能很差且您只想使用线程的窗口)。