如果在gcc编译器上比较x+x, x*2和x<<1语法的输出，那么在x86汇编中会得到相同的结果:https://godbolt.org/z/JLpp0j

        push    rbp
        mov     rbp, rsp
        mov     DWORD PTR [rbp-4], edi
        mov     eax, DWORD PTR [rbp-4]
        add     eax, eax
        pop     rbp
        ret

因此，您可以认为gcc足够聪明，可以独立于您输入的内容确定自己的最佳解决方案。

In the case of signed integers and right shift vs division, it can make a difference. For negative numbers, the shift rounds rounds towards negative infinity whereas division rounds towards zero. Of course the compiler will change the division to something cheaper, but it will usually change it to something that has the same rounding behavior as division, because it is either unable to prove that the variable won't be negative or it simply doesn't care. So if you can prove that a number won't be negative or if you don't care which way it will round, you can do that optimization in a way that is more likely to make a difference.

我也想看看我能不能打败房子。这是一个更通用的任意数乘任意数的位乘法。我做的宏比普通的乘法要慢25%到两倍。正如其他人所说，如果它接近2的倍数或由几个2的倍数组成，你可能会赢。比如由(X<<4)+(X<<2)+(X<<1)+X组成的X*23要比由(X<<6)+X组成的X*65慢。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

#define MULTIPLYINTBYMINUS(X,Y) (-((X >> 30) & 1)&(Y<<30))+(-((X >> 29) & 1)&(Y<<29))+(-((X >> 28) & 1)&(Y<<28))+(-((X >> 27) & 1)&(Y<<27))+(-((X >> 26) & 1)&(Y<<26))+(-((X >> 25) & 1)&(Y<<25))+(-((X >> 24) & 1)&(Y<<24))+(-((X >> 23) & 1)&(Y<<23))+(-((X >> 22) & 1)&(Y<<22))+(-((X >> 21) & 1)&(Y<<21))+(-((X >> 20) & 1)&(Y<<20))+(-((X >> 19) & 1)&(Y<<19))+(-((X >> 18) & 1)&(Y<<18))+(-((X >> 17) & 1)&(Y<<17))+(-((X >> 16) & 1)&(Y<<16))+(-((X >> 15) & 1)&(Y<<15))+(-((X >> 14) & 1)&(Y<<14))+(-((X >> 13) & 1)&(Y<<13))+(-((X >> 12) & 1)&(Y<<12))+(-((X >> 11) & 1)&(Y<<11))+(-((X >> 10) & 1)&(Y<<10))+(-((X >> 9) & 1)&(Y<<9))+(-((X >> 8) & 1)&(Y<<8))+(-((X >> 7) & 1)&(Y<<7))+(-((X >> 6) & 1)&(Y<<6))+(-((X >> 5) & 1)&(Y<<5))+(-((X >> 4) & 1)&(Y<<4))+(-((X >> 3) & 1)&(Y<<3))+(-((X >> 2) & 1)&(Y<<2))+(-((X >> 1) & 1)&(Y<<1))+(-((X >> 0) & 1)&(Y<<0))
#define MULTIPLYINTBYSHIFT(X,Y) (((((X >> 30) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<30))+(((((X >> 29) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<29))+(((((X >> 28) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<28))+(((((X >> 27) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<27))+(((((X >> 26) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<26))+(((((X >> 25) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<25))+(((((X >> 24) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<24))+(((((X >> 23) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<23))+(((((X >> 22) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<22))+(((((X >> 21) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<21))+(((((X >> 20) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<20))+(((((X >> 19) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<19))+(((((X >> 18) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<18))+(((((X >> 17) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<17))+(((((X >> 16) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<16))+(((((X >> 15) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<15))+(((((X >> 14) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<14))+(((((X >> 13) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<13))+(((((X >> 12) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<12))+(((((X >> 11) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<11))+(((((X >> 10) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<10))+(((((X >> 9) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<9))+(((((X >> 8) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<8))+(((((X >> 7) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<7))+(((((X >> 6) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<6))+(((((X >> 5) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<5))+(((((X >> 4) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<4))+(((((X >> 3) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<3))+(((((X >> 2) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<2))+(((((X >> 1) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<1))+(((((X >> 0) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<0))
int main()
{
    int randomnumber=23;
    int randomnumber2=23;
    int checknum=23;
    clock_t start, diff;
    srand(time(0));
    start = clock();
    for(int i=0;i<1000000;i++)
    {
        randomnumber = rand() % 10000;
        randomnumber2 = rand() % 10000;
        checknum=MULTIPLYINTBYMINUS(randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        if (checknum!=randomnumber*randomnumber2)
        {
            printf("s %i and %i and %i",checknum,randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        }
    }
    diff = clock() - start;
    int msec = diff * 1000 / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
    printf("MULTIPLYINTBYMINUS Time %d milliseconds", msec);
    start = clock();
    for(int i=0;i<1000000;i++)
    {
        randomnumber = rand() % 10000;
        randomnumber2 = rand() % 10000;
        checknum=MULTIPLYINTBYSHIFT(randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        if (checknum!=randomnumber*randomnumber2)
        {
            printf("s %i and %i and %i",checknum,randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        }
    }
    diff = clock() - start;
    msec = diff * 1000 / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
    printf("MULTIPLYINTBYSHIFT Time %d milliseconds", msec);
    start = clock();
    for(int i=0;i<1000000;i++)
    {
        randomnumber = rand() % 10000;
        randomnumber2 = rand() % 10000;
        checknum= randomnumber*randomnumber2;
        if (checknum!=randomnumber*randomnumber2)
        {
            printf("s %i and %i and %i",checknum,randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        }
    }
    diff = clock() - start;
    msec = diff * 1000 / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
    printf("normal * Time %d milliseconds", msec);
    return 0;
}

简单回答:不太可能。

长一点的回答: 你的编译器有一个优化器，它知道如何像你的目标处理器体系结构一样快速地进行乘法运算。最好的办法是清楚地告诉编译器你的意图(即i*2而不是i << 1)，让它决定最快的汇编/机器码序列是什么。甚至有可能处理器本身已经将乘法指令实现为微码中的移位和加法序列。

总之，不要花太多时间担心这个。如果你想换，那就换。如果你想乘，那就乘。做语义上最清楚的事情——你的同事以后会感谢你的。或者，更有可能的是，如果你不这样做，之后会诅咒你。

它是否真的更快取决于实际使用的硬件和编译器。

据我所知，在一些机器上，乘法运算可能需要16到32个机器周期。是的，根据机器类型，位移运算符比乘除运算符快。

然而，某些机器确实有它们的数学处理器，其中包含乘法/除法的特殊指令。