我知道这个问题已经有了一些很好的答案，但我认为我的解决方案值得分享。

它适用于std::map和std::vector<std::pair<T, U>>，从c++ 11可用。

template <typename ForwardIterator, typename Key>
bool contains_key(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Key const key) {
    using ValueType = typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::value_type;

    auto search_result = std::find_if(
        first, last,
        [&key](ValueType const& item) {
            return item.first == key;
        }
    );

    if (search_result == last) {
        return false;
    } else {
        return true;
    }
}

如果你想比较一对地图，你可以使用这个方法:

typedef map<double, double> TestMap;
TestMap testMap;
pair<map<double,double>::iterator,bool> controlMapValues;

controlMapValues= testMap.insert(std::pair<double,double>(x,y));
if (controlMapValues.second == false )
{
    TestMap::iterator it;
    it = testMap.find(x);

    if (it->second == y)
    {
        cout<<"Given value is already exist in Map"<<endl;
    }
}

这是一个有用的技巧。

c++ 20给了我们std::map::contains来做这个。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <map>

int main()
{
    std::map<int, std::string> example = {{1, "One"}, {2, "Two"}, 
                                     {3, "Three"}, {42, "Don\'t Panic!!!"}};

    if(example.contains(42)) {
        std::cout << "Found\n";
    } else {
        std::cout << "Not found\n";
    }
}

比较std::map::find和std::map::count的代码，我会说第一个可能会产生一些性能优势:

const_iterator find(const key_type& _Keyval) const
    {   // find an element in nonmutable sequence that matches _Keyval
    const_iterator _Where = lower_bound(_Keyval); // Here one looks only for lower bound
    return (_Where == end()
        || _DEBUG_LT_PRED(this->_Getcomp(),
            _Keyval, this->_Key(_Where._Mynode()))
                ? end() : _Where);
    }

size_type count(const key_type& _Keyval) const
    {   // count all elements that match _Keyval
    _Paircc _Ans = equal_range(_Keyval); // Here both lower and upper bounds are to be found, which is presumably slower.
    size_type _Num = 0;
    _Distance(_Ans.first, _Ans.second, _Num);
    return (_Num);
    }

template <typename T, typename Key>
bool key_exists(const T& container, const Key& key)
{
    return (container.find(key) != std::end(container));
}

当然，如果你想要更花哨一点，你总是可以模板化一个函数，同时取一个已找到的函数和一个未找到的函数，就像这样:

template <typename T, typename Key, typename FoundFunction, typename NotFoundFunction>
void find_and_execute(const T& container, const Key& key, FoundFunction found_function, NotFoundFunction not_found_function)
{
    auto& it = container.find(key);
    if (it != std::end(container))
    {
        found_function(key, it->second);
    }
    else
    {
        not_found_function(key);
    }
}

像这样使用它:

    std::map<int, int> some_map;
    find_and_execute(some_map, 1,
        [](int key, int value){ std::cout << "key " << key << " found, value: " << value << std::endl; },
        [](int key){ std::cout << "key " << key << " not found" << std::endl; });

缺点是要想出一个好名字，“find_and_execute”是尴尬的，我不能想出任何更好的在我的头顶…

map <int , char>::iterator itr;
    for(itr = MyMap.begin() ; itr!= MyMap.end() ; itr++)
    {
        if (itr->second == 'c')
        {
            cout<<itr->first<<endl;
        }
    }