质数本身并不重要，重要的是处理质数的算法。特别是求一个数(任何一个数)的因式。

如你所知，任何数字至少有两个因数。质数有一个独特的性质，它只有两个因数:1和质数本身。

The reason factoring is so important is mathematicians and computer scientists don't know how to factor a number without simply trying every possible combination. That is, first try dividing by 2, then by 3, then by 4, and so forth. If you try to factor a prime number--especially a very large one--you'll have to try (essentially) every possible number between 2 and that large prime number. Even on the fastest computers, it will take years (even centuries) to factor the kinds of prime numbers used in cryptography.

事实上，我们不知道如何有效地分解一个大数字，这赋予了密码算法的优势。如果有一天，有人想出了如何做到这一点，我们目前使用的所有加密算法都将过时。这仍然是一个开放的研究领域。

Cryptographic algorithms generally rely for their security on having a "difficult problem". Most modern algorithms seem to use the factoring of very large numbers as their difficult problem - if you multiply two large numbers together, computing their factors is "difficult" (i.e. time-consuming). If those two numbers are prime numbers, then there is only one answer, which makes it even more difficult, and also guarantees that when you find the answer, it's the right one, not some other answer that just happens to give the same result.

因为每找到一个因子，分解算法的速度就会大大加快。将两个私钥设置为素数可以确保找到的第一个因子也是最后一个因子。理想情况下，两个私钥的值也几乎相等，因为只有较弱的密钥的强度才重要。

因为没有人知道一个快速的算法把一个整数分解成质因数。然而，检查一组质因数是否乘以某个整数是非常容易的。

素数主要用于密码学，因为确定一个给定的数是否是素数需要相当长的时间。对于黑客来说，如果任何算法都需要大量的时间来破解代码，那么它对他们来说就变得毫无用处

这里有一个非常简单和常见的例子。

RSA加密算法通常用于安全的商业网站，它是基于这样一个事实:取两个(非常大的)素数并将它们相乘很容易，而做相反的事情则非常困难——这意味着:取一个非常大的数，给定它只有两个素数因子，并找到它们。