这里有一个非常简单和常见的例子。

RSA加密算法通常用于安全的商业网站，它是基于这样一个事实:取两个(非常大的)素数并将它们相乘很容易，而做相反的事情则非常困难——这意味着:取一个非常大的数，给定它只有两个素数因子，并找到它们。

给你的另一个资源。现在安全了!第30集(约30分钟的播客，链接到文本)讨论了密码学问题，并解释了为什么质数很重要。

有一些很好的资源可以加强加密。这里有一个:

http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/groups/crypto/firstcrypto.aspx

从那一页开始:

In the most commonly used public-key cryptography system, invented by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman in 1977, both the public and the private keys are derived from a pair of large prime numbers according to a relatively simple mathematical formula. In theory, it might be possible to derive the private key from the public key by working the formula backwards. But only the product of the large prime numbers is public, and factoring numbers of that size into primes is so hard that even the most powerful supercomputers in the world cant break an ordinary public key.

布鲁斯·施奈尔的《应用密码学》是另一本。我强烈推荐这本书;读起来很有趣。

Cryptographic algorithms generally rely for their security on having a "difficult problem". Most modern algorithms seem to use the factoring of very large numbers as their difficult problem - if you multiply two large numbers together, computing their factors is "difficult" (i.e. time-consuming). If those two numbers are prime numbers, then there is only one answer, which makes it even more difficult, and also guarantees that when you find the answer, it's the right one, not some other answer that just happens to give the same result.

简单的?是的。

如果你把两个大素数相乘，你会得到一个只有两个(大)素数因数的巨大非素数。

分解这个数字是一个非平凡的操作，这一事实是许多密码学算法的来源。有关更多信息，请参阅单向函数。

附录: 再解释一下。两个质数的乘积可以用作公钥，而质数本身可以用作私钥。对数据所做的任何操作，如果只能通过知道这两个因素中的一个来撤销，那么解密起来就不是简单的了。

素数主要用于密码学，因为确定一个给定的数是否是素数需要相当长的时间。对于黑客来说，如果任何算法都需要大量的时间来破解代码，那么它对他们来说就变得毫无用处