使用PIP和setup.py安装Python加密包失败

当我试图通过pip install Cryptography或从他们的网站下载包并运行Python setup.py安装Python密码学包时，我得到以下错误:

D:\Anaconda\Scripts\pip-script.py run on 02/27/14 16:13:17
Downloading/unpacking cryptography
  Getting page https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/
  URLs to search for versions for cryptography:
  * https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/
  Analyzing links from page https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/
    Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp26/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2-cp26-none-win32.whl#md5=13e5c4b19520e7dc6f07c6502b3f74e2 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python
    Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp26/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1-cp26-none-win32.whl#md5=00e733648ee5cdb9e58876238b1328f8 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python
    Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp27/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2-cp27-none-win32.whl#md5=013ccafa6a5a3ea92c73f2c1c4879406 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python
    Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp27/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1-cp27-none-win32.whl#md5=127d6a5dc687250721f892d55720a06c (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python
    Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp32/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2-cp32-none-win32.whl#md5=051424a36e91039807b72f112333ded3 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python
    Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp32/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1-cp32-none-win32.whl#md5=53f6f57db8e952d64283baaa14cbde3d (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python
    Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp33/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2-cp33-none-win32.whl#md5=302812c1c1a035cf9ba3292f8dbf3f9e (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python
    Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp33/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1-cp33-none-win32.whl#md5=81acca90caf8a45f2ca73f3f9859fae4 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python
    Found link https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.1.tar.gz#md5=bdc1c5fe069deca7467b71a0cc538f17 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/), version: 0.1
    Found link https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1.tar.gz#md5=872fc04268dadc66a0305ae5ab1c123b (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/), version: 0.2.1
    Found link https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.tar.gz#md5=8a3d21e837a21e1b7634ee1f22b06bb6 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/), version: 0.2
  Using version 0.2.1 (newest of versions: 0.2.1, 0.2, 0.1)
  Downloading from URL https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1.tar.gz#md5=872fc04268dadc66a0305ae5ab1c123b (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/)
  Running setup.py (path:c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography\setup.py) egg_info for package cryptography
    In file included from c/_cffi_backend.c:7:0:
    c/misc_win32.h:225:23: error: two or more data types in declaration specifiers
    c/misc_win32.h:225:1: warning: useless type name in empty declaration [enabled by default]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'convert_array_from_object':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1105:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1105:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1130:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1130:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1150:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1150:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'convert_struct_from_object':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1183:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1183:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1196:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1196:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_repr':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1583:13: warning: unknown conversion type character 'L' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1583:13: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1595:9: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1595:9: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdataowning_repr':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1647:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1647:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function '_cdata_get_indexed_ptr':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function '_cdata_getslicearg':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_ass_slice':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1983:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:1983:22: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_call':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cast_to_integer_or_char':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'new_array_type':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:3480:9: warning: unknown conversion type character 'l' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:3480:9: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'b_complete_struct_or_union':
    c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]
    c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<string>", line 17, in <module>
      File "c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography\setup.py", line 113, in <module>
        "build": cffi_build,
      File "D:\Anaconda\lib\distutils\core.py", line 112, in setup
        _setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)
      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 239, in __init__
      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 264, in fetch_build_eggs
      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 580, in resolve
        dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer)
      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 818, in best_match
        return self.obtain(req, installer) # try and download/install
      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 830, in obtain
        return installer(requirement)
      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 314, in fetch_build_egg
      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 593, in easy_install

      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 623, in install_item

      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 809, in install_eggs

      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 1015, in build_and_install

      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 1003, in run_setup

    distutils.errors.DistutilsError: Setup script exited with error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1
    Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
    In file included from c/_cffi_backend.c:7:0:

c/misc_win32.h:225:23: error: two or more data types in declaration specifiers

c/misc_win32.h:225:1: warning: useless type name in empty declaration [enabled by default]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'convert_array_from_object':

c/_cffi_backend.c:1105:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1105:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1130:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1130:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1150:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1150:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'convert_struct_from_object':

c/_cffi_backend.c:1183:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1183:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1196:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1196:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_repr':

c/_cffi_backend.c:1583:13: warning: unknown conversion type character 'L' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1583:13: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1595:9: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1595:9: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdataowning_repr':

c/_cffi_backend.c:1647:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1647:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function '_cdata_get_indexed_ptr':

c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function '_cdata_getslicearg':

c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_ass_slice':

c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1983:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:1983:22: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_call':

c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cast_to_integer_or_char':

c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'new_array_type':

c/_cffi_backend.c:3480:9: warning: unknown conversion type character 'l' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:3480:9: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'b_complete_struct_or_union':

c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]

c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<string>", line 17, in <module>

  File "c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography\setup.py", line 113, in <module>

    "build": cffi_build,

  File "D:\Anaconda\lib\distutils\core.py", line 112, in setup

    _setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)

  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 239, in __init__

  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 264, in fetch_build_eggs

  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 580, in resolve

    dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer)

  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 818, in best_match

    return self.obtain(req, installer) # try and download/install

  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 830, in obtain

    return installer(requirement)

  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 314, in fetch_build_egg

  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 593, in easy_install



  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 623, in install_item



  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 809, in install_eggs



  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 1015, in build_and_install



  File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 1003, in run_setup



distutils.errors.DistutilsError: Setup script exited with error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1

----------------------------------------
Cleaning up...
  Removing temporary dir c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco...
Command python setup.py egg_info failed with error code 1 in c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography
Exception information:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\basecommand.py", line 122, in main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\commands\install.py", line 278, in run
    requirement_set.prepare_files(finder, force_root_egg_info=self.bundle, bundle=self.bundle)
  File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\req.py", line 1229, in prepare_files
    req_to_install.run_egg_info()
  File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\req.py", line 325, in run_egg_info
    command_desc='python setup.py egg_info')
  File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\util.py", line 697, in call_subprocess
    % (command_desc, proc.returncode, cwd))
InstallationError: Command python setup.py egg_info failed with error code 1 in c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography

我发现了其他egg_info错误帖子(这里和这里)，但那里提供的解决方案不能解决我的问题。另外，我可以通过PIP安装其他包。

PIP版本1.5.4 setuptools版本2.2

我也遇到过类似的问题，发现我只是缺少一个依赖项(对我来说是libssl-dev)。正如https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation/中提到的，确保满足所有依赖项:

在Windows上

如果你使用的是Windows，你需要确保你已经安装了OpenSSL。有预编译的二进制文件可用。如果安装在不寻常的位置，则设置LIB和INCLUDE环境变量以包括相应的位置。例如:

C:\> \path\to\vcvarsall.bat x86_amd64
C:\> set LIB=C:\OpenSSL-1.0.1f-64bit\lib;%LIB%
C:\> set INCLUDE=C:\OpenSSL-1.0.1f-64bit\include;%INCLUDE%
C:\> pip install cryptography

在Linux上构建密码

密码学应该很容易在Linux上构建，只要你有一个C编译器，Python的头(如果你是而不是使用pypy)，以及系统上可用的OpenSSL和libffi库的头文件。

对于Debian和Ubuntu，下面的命令将确保安装所需的依赖项:

sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-dev

对于Fedora和rhel衍生产品，下面的命令将确保安装所需的依赖项:

sudo yum install gcc libffi-devel python-devel OpenSSL-devel

您现在应该能够使用常用的方法构建和安装加密。

pip install cryptography

2014-03-05 21:47:59

I actually ran into this same prob trying to install Scrapy which depends on cryptography being installed first. I'm on Win764-bit with Python 2.7 64-bit installed. @jsonm's answer eventually worked for me, but first I had to Copy C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\bin\vcvarsx86_amd64.bat to the x86_amd64 subdir within that bin dir so the vcvarsall.bat would stop throwing an error saying it was missing the config. If you need to configure env vars for a different setup, be sure to copy to corresponding vcvars bat file to the corresponding subdir or the first command below might not work.

然后我按照@jsonm的指令从命令行运行以下命令(为我的配置进行了调整)…

C:\> "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat" x86_amd64 
C:\> set LIB=C:\OpenSSL-Win64\lib;%LIB% 
C:\> set INCLUDE=C:\OpenSSL-Win64\include;%INCLUDE% 
C:\> pip install cryptography

这招奏效了。

2014-04-28 00:05:41

我也犯了这个错误。在安装openSSL后仍然出现这个错误，我最终尝试从https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cryptography/0.2.2#downloads的wheel文件安装。它工作!

2014-05-29 20:41:57

对于那些使用OS X的人来说，以下是对我有效的方法:

brew install openssl
env ARCHFLAGS="-arch x86_64" LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib" CFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include"
pip install cryptography

(跑10.9小牛)

你也可以尝试将flags和pip命令合并到下面的注释中:

brew install openssl
env ARCHFLAGS="-arch x86_64" LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib" CFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include" pip install cryptography

2014-07-25 18:05:46

我有一个问题运行sudo pip安装密码学，因为它不会找到ffi时试图编译。(OSX -约塞米蒂)

我通过下载libffi和设置env变量解决了这个问题。

$ brew install pkg-config libffi
$ export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/Cellar/libffi/3.0.13/lib/pkgconfig/
$ pip install cryptography

2015-07-18 23:04:17

Nick Woodham的答案对我来说在OSX 10.11 El Capitan上不起作用，但这个可以。

brew install openssl
CFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include" pip install cryptography==0.8

2015-12-02 13:25:34

在埃尔卡皮坦，这招很管用

brew install pkg-config libffi openssl
env LDFLAGS="-L$(brew --prefix openssl)/lib" CFLAGS="-I$(brew --prefix openssl)/include" pip install cryptography

你也可以在这里查看线程:https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/issues/2350

2016-03-05 04:10:02

显然，在OSX的最新版本中，这可能是由于苹果发布了他们自己的OpenSSL版本，它不能与加密库一起工作。

最新版本的密码学库附带了它们自己的本机依赖项，但要获得它们，您需要升级pip，可能还需要升级virtual env。所以对我来说，解决方案是:

pip install --upgrade --force-reinstall pip virtualenv

2016-03-08 12:37:15

我也有同样的问题:

pip install cryptography

.
.
.
Installing collected packages: cffi, cryptography
     Running setup.py install for cffi ... error

然后我安装libffi-devel，问题解决了

yum install libffi-devel

2016-05-04 03:49:00

我注意到原来的海报明显使用了windows安装…以上最好的答案都适用于其他操作系统…现在开始。这里假设您已经安装了Python 2.7，这是最广泛支持的(尽管是旧版本)版本。

安装“Visual c++ Compiler for Python” 打开一个管理命令提示符窗口重新运行pip install (package)。 cd C: \ Python27 \脚本 PIP安装密码学(或pycrypto, fabric等)

2016-05-09 21:58:42

这对我来说很有效(我使用的是Ubuntu 14.04):

首先安装libffi-dev libssl-dev libpython2.7-dev:

sudo apt-get install libffi-dev libssl-dev libpython2.7-dev

然后在virtualenv中:

pip install cryptography
pip install pyopenssl ndg-httpsclient pyasn1

来源:

https://stackoverflow.com/a/32800685/5123544

https://stackoverflow.com/a/29202163/5123544

2016-05-10 06:36:01

这两个命令帮我解决了问题:

brew install openssl
brew link openssl --force

来源:https://github.com/phusion/passenger/issues/1630 # issuecomment - 147527656

2016-06-12 17:14:07

这是密码学安装文档页面上信息的浓缩版本。有关最新详情，请查阅那一页。

由于这个SO问题不断出现，我也会在这里做出回应(我是pyca/密码学开发人员之一)。以下是在3个主要平台上可靠地安装pyca/cryptography所需的东西。

请注意，在所有这些情况下，强烈建议您安装到virtualenv，而不是安装到全局包空间。这不是特定于密码学，而是保持Python安装可靠的通用建议。在操作系统提供的python中，全局包空间是由系统拥有的，通过pip将东西安装到其中是在自找麻烦。

窗户

升级到最新的pip，只需pip安装加密

密码学和cffi都是作为静态链接的轮子发布的。

macOS (OS X)

升级到最新的pip，只需pip安装加密

密码学和cffi都是作为静态链接的轮子发布的。这将适用于pyenv Python，系统Python，自制Python等。只要您使用的是最新的pip，您甚至不需要编译器。

Linux

在基于glibc或基于musl的发行版和x86/x86-64/aarch64上运行最新pip(升级!)的用户不再需要编译器或头文件，因为您将自动获得预编译轮。所以，你应该尝试的第一件事是升级你的pip并安装最新的加密版本，因为旧版本没有更新的车轮类型。

如果你不兼容很多linux/musllinux，或者希望在你自己的OpenSSL上编译，那么下面是你需要做的:

你需要一个C编译器，一个Rust编译器，libffi +它的开发头，和openssl +它的开发头。

Debian或Ubuntu衍生的发行版

Apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-dev后跟

PIP安装密码

红帽推导的分布

Yum安装GCC openssl-devel libffi-devel python-devel

PIP安装密码

请注意，从版本3.4开始，加密现在在构建时(而不是运行时)需要Rust编译器，所以你还需要Rust >= 1.41.0。检查您的发行版的rust或通过rustup安装

2016-06-13 04:21:27

我如何解决“无法清理加密的构建目录” (我从谷歌来到这里导致这个错误。)

注意:使用virtualenv

TL; diana:

我的文件/etc/apt/sources.我的debian 8的列表配置不正确。

解释:

我想安装paramiko。 Paramiko需要密码学。

我得到了这些错误: 首先用PIP安装密码:

(...)
  ----------------------------------------
  Failed cleaning build dir for cryptography
Failed to build cryptography
(...)
    ----------------------------------------
Command "/home/myuser/pyenvs/testo/bin/python -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-HXWKAO/cryptography/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-WjqY6V-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-headers /home/myuser/pyenvs/testo/include/site/python2.7/cryptography" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-HXWKAO/cryptography/

然后用sudo apt-get install build-essential:

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 build-essential : Depends: libc6-dev but it is not going to be installed > or
                            libc-dev
                   Depends: gcc (>= 4:4.4.3) but it is not going to be installed
                   Depends: g++ (>= 4:4.4.3) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

(与OP的错误不完全相同，但我最终会在这里提供帮助)

解决:

在测试了几乎每个帖子的每个命令后，我最终决定继续下去 https://wiki.debian.org/SourcesList 并复制粘贴我足够的配置文件/etc/apt/sources.list

然后:

须道资质更新

然后

Sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-dev

然后

PIP安装密码

hth

2016-08-19 17:13:06

如果您正在使用python3，则需要安装python3-dev。这解决了我的问题sudo apt-get安装python3-dev。

2016-09-12 20:03:42

这适用于El Capitan与MacPorts:

$ sudo port install openssl
$ env LDFLAGS="-L/opt/local/lib" CFLAGS="-I/opt/local/include" pip install cryptography

2016-09-27 10:12:22

我从pypi下载了paramiko完整的源代码

Python setup.py安装

它运行得完美无缺

所有默认的pythondev / openssl /libffi包都已经存在于rhel中。

下载RPM有RPM不匹配和更多的麻烦

2016-10-19 07:54:42

这为我解决了问题(Ubuntu 16.04):

sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-dev python3-dev

然后它是这样工作的:

pip install cryptography
pip install pyopenssl ndg-httpsclient pyasn1

2017-05-01 18:27:33

我最近遇到了一个类似的问题。在我的例子中，在requirements.txt中编写的cffi和cryptography的版本不兼容(cffi==1.8.9和cryptography==1.9)。我解决了用最新版本更新cffi的问题。

2017-07-06 20:31:17

我在Ubuntu 16.04上安装cryptography==1.7.1时遇到了问题，上面的答案都没有帮助。因此，我将需求升级到兼容的1.8.2，设置成功了。请注意，您仍然需要构建基本要素和其他依赖项，这些依赖项在顶部(获得最多好评)的答案中提到。

2017-09-28 09:31:34

我尝试了上面的许多解决方案，但只有在安装以下库之后，我才能安装密码学:

sudo apt install libssl1.0

我使用的是Ubuntu 18.04，但它也可以在Ubuntu 18.10上运行。

乌利希期刊指南: 为了在Ubuntu 20上解决这个错误，我不得不将cryptography==1.9替换为cryptography==2.1.1

2018-08-15 19:59:33

我通过从密码学1.9升级到2.4.2解决了这个问题

2019-01-11 10:43:27

如果您正在.gitlab-ci中构建python包发行版。GitLab CI使用部署在AWS EC2机器上的GitLab运行器

 - apk add --update alpine-sdk && \
 - apk add libffi-dev openssl-dev && \
 - apk --no-cache --update add build-base

2020-02-06 10:07:13

在Cygwin有同样的问题，这就是帮助我的东西

sudo apt-get install python-pip python-dev libffi-dev libssl-dev libxml2-dev libxslt1-dev libjpeg8-dev zlib1g-dev

但是我没有使用sudo apt-get install，而是通过Cygwin安装了这些包此代码的源代码

2020-09-01 17:48:37

如果你正在dockerizing你的python应用程序，你的Dockerfile需要有这样的东西:

从python 3.7高山

执行apk add——update alpine-sdk && apk add libffi-dev openssl-dev

运行pip install cryptography

2020-09-10 19:12:32

使用conda代替

没有一个建议的解决方案适用于我的Raspbian 10 (buster)，所以我只是通过conda安装它，瞧:

conda install -c anaconda cryptography

附注:我知道这个问题提到了pip，但我看到OP正在使用conda安装，所以我想分享这个解决方案。尽管如此，由于这个问题显然是特定于操作系统的，因此有必要提醒人们，conda是一个跨平台解决方案，它也可以安装除python包之外的必要二进制文件——只需一行程序。

2021-01-04 14:56:10

在运行安装之前，必须升级PIP

2021-04-08 17:29:00

升级pip版本解决了这个问题

PIP安装——升级PIP(适用于mac/linux发行版)

2021-10-14 12:53:17

在Debian 11(可能还有大多数新的Linux发行版)中:

sudo apt install python3-cryptography

2022-05-25 10:32:11

python3.7 -m pip install <your package>

对我来说，django-allauth给出了这个错误。我用

python3.7 -m pip install django-allauth

2022-10-30 19:12:01

用命令点赞更新PIP版本:

easy_install -U pip Python-m PIP install——升级PIP

只需选择一个来更新。

2022-12-07 07:06:31

使用PIP和setup.py安装Python加密包失败

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