STL is a heavily optimized library. In fact, it's even suggested to use STL in games where high performance might be needed. Arrays are too error prone to be used in day to day tasks. Today's compilers are also very smart and can really produce excellent code with STL. If you know what you are doing, STL can usually provide the necessary performance. For example by initializing vectors to required size (if you know from start), you can basically achieve the array performance. However, there might be cases where you still need arrays. When interfacing with low level code (i.e. assembly) or old libraries that require arrays, you might not be able to use vectors.

应该避免使用带有new的c++数组(即使用动态数组)。这里有一个问题，你必须跟踪大小，你需要手动删除它们，做各种各样的家务。

在堆栈上使用数组也是不鼓励的，因为您没有范围检查，并且传递数组将丢失关于其大小的任何信息(数组到指针的转换)。在这种情况下，应该使用std::array，它将c++数组包装在一个小类中，并提供一个size函数和迭代器来迭代它。

现在，std::vector vs.原生c++数组(取自互联网):

// Comparison of assembly code generated for basic indexing, dereferencing, 
// and increment operations on vectors and arrays/pointers.

// Assembly code was generated by gcc 4.1.0 invoked with  g++ -O3 -S  on a 
// x86_64-suse-linux machine.

#include <vector>

struct S
{
  int padding;

  std::vector<int> v;
  int * p;
  std::vector<int>::iterator i;
};

int pointer_index (S & s) { return s.p[3]; }
  // movq    32(%rdi), %rax
  // movl    12(%rax), %eax
  // ret

int vector_index (S & s) { return s.v[3]; }
  // movq    8(%rdi), %rax
  // movl    12(%rax), %eax
  // ret

// Conclusion: Indexing a vector is the same damn thing as indexing a pointer.

int pointer_deref (S & s) { return *s.p; }
  // movq    32(%rdi), %rax
  // movl    (%rax), %eax
  // ret

int iterator_deref (S & s) { return *s.i; }
  // movq    40(%rdi), %rax
  // movl    (%rax), %eax
  // ret

// Conclusion: Dereferencing a vector iterator is the same damn thing 
// as dereferencing a pointer.

void pointer_increment (S & s) { ++s.p; }
  // addq    $4, 32(%rdi)
  // ret

void iterator_increment (S & s) { ++s.i; }
  // addq    $4, 40(%rdi)
  // ret

// Conclusion: Incrementing a vector iterator is the same damn thing as 
// incrementing a pointer.

注意:如果你用new分配数组，并分配非类对象(如纯int)或没有用户定义的构造函数的类，并且你不想让你的元素初始化，使用new-allocated数组可以有性能优势，因为std::vector在构造时将所有元素初始化为默认值(例如int为0)(感谢@bernie提醒我)。

两者之间的性能差异很大程度上取决于实现——如果你比较一个实现得很差的std::vector和一个优化的数组实现，数组会赢，但是反过来，vector会赢……

As long as you compare apples with apples (either both the array and the vector have a fixed number of elements, or both get resized dynamically) I would think that the performance difference is negligible as long as you follow got STL coding practise. Don't forget that using standard C++ containers also allows you to make use of the pre-rolled algorithms that are part of the standard C++ library and most of them are likely to be better performing than the average implementation of the same algorithm you build yourself.

也就是说，以我之见，vector在使用调试STL的调试场景中胜出，因为大多数具有适当调试模式的STL实现至少可以突出/清除人们在使用标准容器时所犯的典型错误。

哦，不要忘记数组和vector共享相同的内存布局，因此您可以使用vector将数据传递给需要基本数组的遗留C或c++代码。但是，请记住，在这种情况下，大多数赌注都是无效的，您将再次处理原始内存。

关于杜里的贡献和我自己的测量。

结论是整数数组比整数向量快(在我的例子中是5倍)。然而，对于更复杂/未对齐的数据，数组和向量的速度大致相同。

There is no argument about which of them is the best or good to use.They both have there own use cases,they both have their pros and cons.The behavior of both containers are different in different places.One of the main difficulty with arrays is that they are fixed in size if once they are defined or initialized then you can not change values and on the other side vectors are flexible, you can change vectors value whenever you want it's not fixed in size like arrays,because array has static memory allocation and vector has dynamic memory or heap memory allocation(we can push and pop elements into/from vector) and the creator of c++ Bjarne Stroustrup said that vectors are flexible to use more than arrays.

应该避免使用带有new的c++数组(即使用动态数组)。有一个问题是，你必须跟踪它们的大小，你需要手动删除它们，并做所有的家务工作。

我们还可以很容易地在向量中插入、推入和拉出值，这在数组中是不容易做到的。

如果我们讨论性能，那么如果你处理小的值，那么你应该使用数组，如果你处理大规模的代码，那么你应该使用向量(向量比数组更擅长处理大的值)。

如果在调试模式下编译软件，许多编译器将不会内联vector的访问器函数。这将使stl向量的实现在性能有问题的情况下变得更慢。它还将使代码更容易调试，因为您可以在调试器中看到分配了多少内存。

在优化模式下，我希望stl向量接近数组的效率。这是因为许多vector方法现在都内联了。