在我的开发学习中,我觉得我必须学习更多关于接口的知识。
我经常读到它们,但我似乎无法理解它们。
我读过这样的例子:动物基类,IAnimal接口的东西,如“Walk”,“Run”,“GetLegs”等-但我从来没有工作过,觉得“嘿,我应该在这里使用接口!”
我错过了什么?为什么这个概念对我来说这么难理解!我只是害怕这样一个事实,我可能从来没有意识到一个具体的需要-主要是由于一些缺失的理解他们!这让我觉得我作为一名开发人员缺少了一些东西!如果有人有过这样的经历,并取得了突破,我会很感激一些关于如何理解这个概念的建议。谢谢你!
一些非编程示例可能帮助您了解接口在编程中的适当使用。
There's an interface between electrical devices and the electricity network - it's the set of conventions about the shape of the plugs and sockets and the voltages/currents across them. If you want to implement a new electrical device, as long as your plug follows the rules it will be able to get services from the network. This makes extensibility very easy and removes or lowers the costs of coordination: you don't have to notify the electricity provider about how your new device works and come to a separate agreement about how to plug your new device into the network.
各国都有标准的铁路轨距。这使得铺设铁轨的工程公司和建造在这些铁轨上运行的列车的工程公司之间实现了分工,并使铁路公司有可能在不重新设计整个系统的情况下更换和升级列车。
The service a business presents to a client can be described as an interface: a well defined interface emphasises the service and hides the means. When you put a letter in a mailbox, you expect the postal system to deliver the letter within a given time but you have no expectations about how the letter is delivered: you don't need to know, and the postal service has the flexibility to choose the means of delivery that best meets the requirements and current circumstances. An exception to this is the ability of customers to choose airmail - that's not the kind of interface a modern computer programmer would have designed, since it reveals too much of the implementation.
来自自然的例子:我不太喜欢eats(), makesSound(), moves()等例子。它们确实描述了行为,这是正确的,但它们没有描述交互以及它们是如何被启用的。在自然界中,使相互作用成为可能的界面的一个明显的例子是与繁殖有关的,例如一朵花为蜜蜂提供了一个特定的界面,以便授粉能够发生。
我喜欢军队的比喻。
中士不在乎你是软件开发人员、音乐家还是律师。
你被当作士兵对待。
对于中士来说,不去操心与他一起工作的人的具体细节更容易,
把每个人都当作抽象的士兵(…如果他们表现得不像孩子,就要惩罚他们)。
人们像士兵一样行动的能力被称为多态性。
接口是帮助实现多态的软件结构。
为了实现简单,需要抽象细节,这就是你问题的答案。
Polymorphism, which etymologically means "many forms," is the ability to treat an object of any subclass of a base class as if it were an object of the base class. A base class has, therefore, many forms: the base class itself, and any of its subclasses.
(..) This makes your code easier for you to write and easier for others to understand. It also makes your code extensible, because other subclasses could be added later to the family of types, and objects of those new subclasses would also work with the existing code.
使用接口有很多目的。
Use in polymorphic behavior. Where you want to call specific methods of a child class with an inteface having a reference to the child class.
Having a contract with classes to implement all of the methods where it is necessary, like most common use is with COM objects , where a wrapper class is generated on a DLL which inherits the interface; these methods are called behind the scenes, and you just need to implement them but with the same structure as defined in the COM DLL which you can only know through the interface that they expose.
To reduce memory usage by loading specific methods in a class. Like if you have three business objects and they are implemented in a single class, you can use three interfaces.
例如IUser, IOrder, IOrderItem
public interface IUser()
{
void AddUser(string name ,string fname);
}
// Same for IOrder and IOrderItem
//
public class BusinessLayer: IUser, IOrder, IOrderItem
{
public void AddUser(string name ,string fname)
{
// Do stuffs here.
}
// All methods from all interfaces must be implemented.
}
如果你只想添加一个用户,可以这样做:
IUser user = new (IUser)BusinessLayer();
// It will load all methods into memory which are declared in the IUser interface.
user.AddUser();
我偶尔也会使用接口,下面是我最新的用法(名称已经概括了):
我在WinForm上有一堆需要将数据保存到业务对象的自定义控件。一种方法是分别调用每个控件:
myBusinessObject.Save(controlA.Data);
myBusinessObject.Save(controlB.Data);
myBusinessObject.Save(controlC.Data);
这个实现的问题是,每当我添加一个控件,我必须进入我的“保存数据”方法,并添加新的控件。
我改变了我的控件来实现一个ISaveable接口,它有一个方法SaveToBusinessObject(…),所以现在我的“保存数据”方法只是通过控件迭代,如果它发现一个是ISaveable,它调用SaveToBusinessObject。所以现在当需要一个新的控件时,所有人要做的就是在该对象中实现ISaveable(并且永远不要触及其他类)。
foreach(Control c in Controls)
{
ISaveable s = c as ISaveable;
if( s != null )
s.SaveToBusinessObject(myBusinessObject);
}
接口通常未被意识到的好处是本地化修改。定义之后,您很少会更改应用程序的整体流程,但通常会在细节级别上进行更改。当您将细节保存在特定对象中时,ProcessA中的更改将不会影响ProcessB中的更改。(基类也有这个好处。)
编辑:另一个好处是行动的专一性。就像在我的例子中,我所要做的就是保存数据;我不关心它是什么类型的控件,或者它是否可以做任何其他事情——我只想知道我是否可以保存控件中的数据。它使我的保存代码非常清晰——没有检查它是否为文本、数字、布尔值或任何东西,因为自定义控件处理所有这些。