我希望使用shell脚本调用长形式和短形式的命令行选项。
我知道可以使用getopts，但是像在Perl中一样，我不能用shell做同样的事情。
关于如何做到这一点的任何想法，这样我就可以使用如下选项:
./shell.sh --copyfile abc.pl /tmp/
./shell.sh -c abc.pl /tmp/
在上面，这两个命令对我的shell意味着同样的事情，但使用getopts，我还不能实现这些?
当前回答
为了保持跨平台兼容性，避免依赖外部可执行文件，我从另一种语言移植了一些代码。
我发现它很容易使用，这里有一个例子:
ArgParser::addArg "[h]elp" false "This list"
ArgParser::addArg "[q]uiet" false "Supress output"
ArgParser::addArg "[s]leep" 1 "Seconds to sleep"
ArgParser::addArg "v" 1 "Verbose mode"
ArgParser::parse "$@"
ArgParser::isset help && ArgParser::showArgs
ArgParser::isset "quiet" \
&& echo "Quiet!" \
|| echo "Noisy!"
local __sleep
ArgParser::tryAndGetArg sleep into __sleep \
&& echo "Sleep for $__sleep seconds" \
|| echo "No value passed for sleep"
# This way is often more convienient, but is a little slower
echo "Sleep set to: $( ArgParser::getArg sleep )"
所需的BASH有点长，但我希望避免依赖BASH 4的关联数组。你也可以直接从http://nt4.com/bash/argparser.inc.sh下载
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Updates to this script may be found at
# http://nt4.com/bash/argparser.inc.sh
# Example of runtime usage:
# mnc.sh --nc -q Caprica.S0*mkv *.avi *.mp3 --more-options here --host centos8.host.com
# Example of use in script (see bottom)
# Just include this file in yours, or use
# source argparser.inc.sh
unset EXPLODED
declare -a EXPLODED
function explode
{
local c=$#
(( c < 2 )) &&
{
echo function "$0" is missing parameters
return 1
}
local delimiter="$1"
local string="$2"
local limit=${3-99}
local tmp_delim=$'\x07'
local delin=${string//$delimiter/$tmp_delim}
local oldifs="$IFS"
IFS="$tmp_delim"
EXPLODED=($delin)
IFS="$oldifs"
}
# See: http://fvue.nl/wiki/Bash:_Passing_variables_by_reference
# Usage: local "$1" && upvar $1 "value(s)"
upvar() {
if unset -v "$1"; then # Unset & validate varname
if (( $# == 2 )); then
eval $1=\"\$2\" # Return single value
else
eval $1=\(\"\${@:2}\"\) # Return array
fi
fi
}
function decho
{
:
}
function ArgParser::check
{
__args=${#__argparser__arglist[@]}
for (( i=0; i<__args; i++ ))
do
matched=0
explode "|" "${__argparser__arglist[$i]}"
if [ "${#1}" -eq 1 ]
then
if [ "${1}" == "${EXPLODED[0]}" ]
then
decho "Matched $1 with ${EXPLODED[0]}"
matched=1
break
fi
else
if [ "${1}" == "${EXPLODED[1]}" ]
then
decho "Matched $1 with ${EXPLODED[1]}"
matched=1
break
fi
fi
done
(( matched == 0 )) && return 2
# decho "Key $key has default argument of ${EXPLODED[3]}"
if [ "${EXPLODED[3]}" == "false" ]
then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
}
function ArgParser::set
{
key=$3
value="${1:-true}"
declare -g __argpassed__$key="$value"
}
function ArgParser::parse
{
unset __argparser__argv
__argparser__argv=()
# echo parsing: "$@"
while [ -n "$1" ]
do
# echo "Processing $1"
if [ "${1:0:2}" == '--' ]
then
key=${1:2}
value=$2
elif [ "${1:0:1}" == '-' ]
then
key=${1:1} # Strip off leading -
value=$2
else
decho "Not argument or option: '$1'" >& 2
__argparser__argv+=( "$1" )
shift
continue
fi
# parameter=${tmp%%=*} # Extract name.
# value=${tmp##*=} # Extract value.
decho "Key: '$key', value: '$value'"
# eval $parameter=$value
ArgParser::check $key
el=$?
# echo "Check returned $el for $key"
[ $el -eq 2 ] && decho "No match for option '$1'" >&2 # && __argparser__argv+=( "$1" )
[ $el -eq 0 ] && decho "Matched option '${EXPLODED[2]}' with no arguments" >&2 && ArgParser::set true "${EXPLODED[@]}"
[ $el -eq 1 ] && decho "Matched option '${EXPLODED[2]}' with an argument of '$2'" >&2 && ArgParser::set "$2" "${EXPLODED[@]}" && shift
shift
done
}
function ArgParser::isset
{
declare -p "__argpassed__$1" > /dev/null 2>&1 && return 0
return 1
}
function ArgParser::getArg
{
# This one would be a bit silly, since we can only return non-integer arguments ineffeciently
varname="__argpassed__$1"
echo "${!varname}"
}
##
# usage: tryAndGetArg <argname> into <varname>
# returns: 0 on success, 1 on failure
function ArgParser::tryAndGetArg
{
local __varname="__argpassed__$1"
local __value="${!__varname}"
test -z "$__value" && return 1
local "$3" && upvar $3 "$__value"
return 0
}
function ArgParser::__construct
{
unset __argparser__arglist
# declare -a __argparser__arglist
}
##
# @brief add command line argument
# @param 1 short and/or long, eg: [s]hort
# @param 2 default value
# @param 3 description
##
function ArgParser::addArg
{
# check for short arg within long arg
if [[ "$1" =~ \[(.)\] ]]
then
short=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
long=${1/\[$short\]/$short}
else
long=$1
fi
if [ "${#long}" -eq 1 ]
then
short=$long
long=''
fi
decho short: "$short"
decho long: "$long"
__argparser__arglist+=("$short|$long|$1|$2|$3")
}
##
# @brief show available command line arguments
##
function ArgParser::showArgs
{
# declare -p | grep argparser
printf "Usage: %s [OPTION...]\n\n" "$( basename "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )"
printf "Defaults for the options are specified in brackets.\n\n";
__args=${#__argparser__arglist[@]}
for (( i=0; i<__args; i++ ))
do
local shortname=
local fullname=
local default=
local description=
local comma=
explode "|" "${__argparser__arglist[$i]}"
shortname="${EXPLODED[0]:+-${EXPLODED[0]}}" # String Substitution Guide:
fullname="${EXPLODED[1]:+--${EXPLODED[1]}}" # http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/parameter-substitution.html
test -n "$shortname" \
&& test -n "$fullname" \
&& comma=","
default="${EXPLODED[3]}"
case $default in
false )
default=
;;
"" )
default=
;;
* )
default="[$default]"
esac
description="${EXPLODED[4]}"
printf " %2s%1s %-19s %s %s\n" "$shortname" "$comma" "$fullname" "$description" "$default"
done
}
function ArgParser::test
{
# Arguments with a default of 'false' do not take paramaters (note: default
# values are not applied in this release)
ArgParser::addArg "[h]elp" false "This list"
ArgParser::addArg "[q]uiet" false "Supress output"
ArgParser::addArg "[s]leep" 1 "Seconds to sleep"
ArgParser::addArg "v" 1 "Verbose mode"
ArgParser::parse "$@"
ArgParser::isset help && ArgParser::showArgs
ArgParser::isset "quiet" \
&& echo "Quiet!" \
|| echo "Noisy!"
local __sleep
ArgParser::tryAndGetArg sleep into __sleep \
&& echo "Sleep for $__sleep seconds" \
|| echo "No value passed for sleep"
# This way is often more convienient, but is a little slower
echo "Sleep set to: $( ArgParser::getArg sleep )"
echo "Remaining command line: ${__argparser__argv[@]}"
}
if [ "$( basename "$0" )" == "argparser.inc.sh" ]
then
ArgParser::test "$@"
fi
其他回答
为了保持跨平台兼容性，避免依赖外部可执行文件，我从另一种语言移植了一些代码。
我发现它很容易使用，这里有一个例子:
ArgParser::addArg "[h]elp" false "This list"
ArgParser::addArg "[q]uiet" false "Supress output"
ArgParser::addArg "[s]leep" 1 "Seconds to sleep"
ArgParser::addArg "v" 1 "Verbose mode"
ArgParser::parse "$@"
ArgParser::isset help && ArgParser::showArgs
ArgParser::isset "quiet" \
&& echo "Quiet!" \
|| echo "Noisy!"
local __sleep
ArgParser::tryAndGetArg sleep into __sleep \
&& echo "Sleep for $__sleep seconds" \
|| echo "No value passed for sleep"
# This way is often more convienient, but is a little slower
echo "Sleep set to: $( ArgParser::getArg sleep )"
所需的BASH有点长，但我希望避免依赖BASH 4的关联数组。你也可以直接从http://nt4.com/bash/argparser.inc.sh下载
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Updates to this script may be found at
# http://nt4.com/bash/argparser.inc.sh
# Example of runtime usage:
# mnc.sh --nc -q Caprica.S0*mkv *.avi *.mp3 --more-options here --host centos8.host.com
# Example of use in script (see bottom)
# Just include this file in yours, or use
# source argparser.inc.sh
unset EXPLODED
declare -a EXPLODED
function explode
{
local c=$#
(( c < 2 )) &&
{
echo function "$0" is missing parameters
return 1
}
local delimiter="$1"
local string="$2"
local limit=${3-99}
local tmp_delim=$'\x07'
local delin=${string//$delimiter/$tmp_delim}
local oldifs="$IFS"
IFS="$tmp_delim"
EXPLODED=($delin)
IFS="$oldifs"
}
# See: http://fvue.nl/wiki/Bash:_Passing_variables_by_reference
# Usage: local "$1" && upvar $1 "value(s)"
upvar() {
if unset -v "$1"; then # Unset & validate varname
if (( $# == 2 )); then
eval $1=\"\$2\" # Return single value
else
eval $1=\(\"\${@:2}\"\) # Return array
fi
fi
}
function decho
{
:
}
function ArgParser::check
{
__args=${#__argparser__arglist[@]}
for (( i=0; i<__args; i++ ))
do
matched=0
explode "|" "${__argparser__arglist[$i]}"
if [ "${#1}" -eq 1 ]
then
if [ "${1}" == "${EXPLODED[0]}" ]
then
decho "Matched $1 with ${EXPLODED[0]}"
matched=1
break
fi
else
if [ "${1}" == "${EXPLODED[1]}" ]
then
decho "Matched $1 with ${EXPLODED[1]}"
matched=1
break
fi
fi
done
(( matched == 0 )) && return 2
# decho "Key $key has default argument of ${EXPLODED[3]}"
if [ "${EXPLODED[3]}" == "false" ]
then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
}
function ArgParser::set
{
key=$3
value="${1:-true}"
declare -g __argpassed__$key="$value"
}
function ArgParser::parse
{
unset __argparser__argv
__argparser__argv=()
# echo parsing: "$@"
while [ -n "$1" ]
do
# echo "Processing $1"
if [ "${1:0:2}" == '--' ]
then
key=${1:2}
value=$2
elif [ "${1:0:1}" == '-' ]
then
key=${1:1} # Strip off leading -
value=$2
else
decho "Not argument or option: '$1'" >& 2
__argparser__argv+=( "$1" )
shift
continue
fi
# parameter=${tmp%%=*} # Extract name.
# value=${tmp##*=} # Extract value.
decho "Key: '$key', value: '$value'"
# eval $parameter=$value
ArgParser::check $key
el=$?
# echo "Check returned $el for $key"
[ $el -eq 2 ] && decho "No match for option '$1'" >&2 # && __argparser__argv+=( "$1" )
[ $el -eq 0 ] && decho "Matched option '${EXPLODED[2]}' with no arguments" >&2 && ArgParser::set true "${EXPLODED[@]}"
[ $el -eq 1 ] && decho "Matched option '${EXPLODED[2]}' with an argument of '$2'" >&2 && ArgParser::set "$2" "${EXPLODED[@]}" && shift
shift
done
}
function ArgParser::isset
{
declare -p "__argpassed__$1" > /dev/null 2>&1 && return 0
return 1
}
function ArgParser::getArg
{
# This one would be a bit silly, since we can only return non-integer arguments ineffeciently
varname="__argpassed__$1"
echo "${!varname}"
}
##
# usage: tryAndGetArg <argname> into <varname>
# returns: 0 on success, 1 on failure
function ArgParser::tryAndGetArg
{
local __varname="__argpassed__$1"
local __value="${!__varname}"
test -z "$__value" && return 1
local "$3" && upvar $3 "$__value"
return 0
}
function ArgParser::__construct
{
unset __argparser__arglist
# declare -a __argparser__arglist
}
##
# @brief add command line argument
# @param 1 short and/or long, eg: [s]hort
# @param 2 default value
# @param 3 description
##
function ArgParser::addArg
{
# check for short arg within long arg
if [[ "$1" =~ \[(.)\] ]]
then
short=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
long=${1/\[$short\]/$short}
else
long=$1
fi
if [ "${#long}" -eq 1 ]
then
short=$long
long=''
fi
decho short: "$short"
decho long: "$long"
__argparser__arglist+=("$short|$long|$1|$2|$3")
}
##
# @brief show available command line arguments
##
function ArgParser::showArgs
{
# declare -p | grep argparser
printf "Usage: %s [OPTION...]\n\n" "$( basename "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )"
printf "Defaults for the options are specified in brackets.\n\n";
__args=${#__argparser__arglist[@]}
for (( i=0; i<__args; i++ ))
do
local shortname=
local fullname=
local default=
local description=
local comma=
explode "|" "${__argparser__arglist[$i]}"
shortname="${EXPLODED[0]:+-${EXPLODED[0]}}" # String Substitution Guide:
fullname="${EXPLODED[1]:+--${EXPLODED[1]}}" # http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/parameter-substitution.html
test -n "$shortname" \
&& test -n "$fullname" \
&& comma=","
default="${EXPLODED[3]}"
case $default in
false )
default=
;;
"" )
default=
;;
* )
default="[$default]"
esac
description="${EXPLODED[4]}"
printf " %2s%1s %-19s %s %s\n" "$shortname" "$comma" "$fullname" "$description" "$default"
done
}
function ArgParser::test
{
# Arguments with a default of 'false' do not take paramaters (note: default
# values are not applied in this release)
ArgParser::addArg "[h]elp" false "This list"
ArgParser::addArg "[q]uiet" false "Supress output"
ArgParser::addArg "[s]leep" 1 "Seconds to sleep"
ArgParser::addArg "v" 1 "Verbose mode"
ArgParser::parse "$@"
ArgParser::isset help && ArgParser::showArgs
ArgParser::isset "quiet" \
&& echo "Quiet!" \
|| echo "Noisy!"
local __sleep
ArgParser::tryAndGetArg sleep into __sleep \
&& echo "Sleep for $__sleep seconds" \
|| echo "No value passed for sleep"
# This way is often more convienient, but is a little slower
echo "Sleep set to: $( ArgParser::getArg sleep )"
echo "Remaining command line: ${__argparser__argv[@]}"
}
if [ "$( basename "$0" )" == "argparser.inc.sh" ]
then
ArgParser::test "$@"
fi
Bash内置的getopts函数可以通过在optspec中放入破折号和冒号来解析长选项:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
optspec=":hv-:"
while getopts "$optspec" optchar; do
case "${optchar}" in
-)
case "${OPTARG}" in
loglevel)
val="${!OPTIND}"; OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 ))
echo "Parsing option: '--${OPTARG}', value: '${val}'" >&2;
;;
loglevel=*)
val=${OPTARG#*=}
opt=${OPTARG%=$val}
echo "Parsing option: '--${opt}', value: '${val}'" >&2
;;
*)
if [ "$OPTERR" = 1 ] && [ "${optspec:0:1}" != ":" ]; then
echo "Unknown option --${OPTARG}" >&2
fi
;;
esac;;
h)
echo "usage: $0 [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>]" >&2
exit 2
;;
v)
echo "Parsing option: '-${optchar}'" >&2
;;
*)
if [ "$OPTERR" != 1 ] || [ "${optspec:0:1}" = ":" ]; then
echo "Non-option argument: '-${OPTARG}'" >&2
fi
;;
esac
done
拷贝到当前工作目录中的可执行文件name=getopts_test.sh后，可以生成如下输出
$ ./getopts_test.sh
$ ./getopts_test.sh -f
Non-option argument: '-f'
$ ./getopts_test.sh -h
usage: code/getopts_test.sh [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>]
$ ./getopts_test.sh --help
$ ./getopts_test.sh -v
Parsing option: '-v'
$ ./getopts_test.sh --very-bad
$ ./getopts_test.sh --loglevel
Parsing option: '--loglevel', value: ''
$ ./getopts_test.sh --loglevel 11
Parsing option: '--loglevel', value: '11'
$ ./getopts_test.sh --loglevel=11
Parsing option: '--loglevel', value: '11'
显然，getopts既不执行OPTERR检查，也不对长选项执行选项参数解析。上面的脚本片段展示了如何手动完成这一工作。基本原理也适用于Debian Almquist shell(“破折号”)。注意特殊情况:
getopts -- "-:" ## without the option terminator "-- " bash complains about "-:"
getopts "-:" ## this works in the Debian Almquist shell ("dash")
请注意，正如http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ上的GreyCat指出的那样，这个技巧利用了shell的非标准行为，允许选项参数(即“-ffilename”中的文件名)连接到选项(如“-ffilename”)。POSIX标准规定它们之间必须有一个空格，在"——longoption"的情况下，空格将终止选项解析并将所有长选项转换为非选项参数。
内置的getopts只解析短选项(ksh93除外)， 但是您仍然可以添加几行脚本来使getopts处理长选项。
以下是在http://www.uxora.com/unix/shell-script/22-handle-long-options-with-getopts中找到的部分代码
#== set short options ==#
SCRIPT_OPTS=':fbF:B:-:h'
#== set long options associated with short one ==#
typeset -A ARRAY_OPTS
ARRAY_OPTS=(
[foo]=f
[bar]=b
[foobar]=F
[barfoo]=B
[help]=h
[man]=h
)
#== parse options ==#
while getopts ${SCRIPT_OPTS} OPTION ; do
#== translate long options to short ==#
if [[ "x$OPTION" == "x-" ]]; then
LONG_OPTION=$OPTARG
LONG_OPTARG=$(echo $LONG_OPTION | grep "=" | cut -d'=' -f2)
LONG_OPTIND=-1
[[ "x$LONG_OPTARG" = "x" ]] && LONG_OPTIND=$OPTIND || LONG_OPTION=$(echo $OPTARG | cut -d'=' -f1)
[[ $LONG_OPTIND -ne -1 ]] && eval LONG_OPTARG="\$$LONG_OPTIND"
OPTION=${ARRAY_OPTS[$LONG_OPTION]}
[[ "x$OPTION" = "x" ]] && OPTION="?" OPTARG="-$LONG_OPTION"
if [[ $( echo "${SCRIPT_OPTS}" | grep -c "${OPTION}:" ) -eq 1 ]]; then
if [[ "x${LONG_OPTARG}" = "x" ]] || [[ "${LONG_OPTARG}" = -* ]]; then
OPTION=":" OPTARG="-$LONG_OPTION"
else
OPTARG="$LONG_OPTARG";
if [[ $LONG_OPTIND -ne -1 ]]; then
[[ $OPTIND -le $Optnum ]] && OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND+1 ))
shift $OPTIND
OPTIND=1
fi
fi
fi
fi
#== options follow by another option instead of argument ==#
if [[ "x${OPTION}" != "x:" ]] && [[ "x${OPTION}" != "x?" ]] && [[ "${OPTARG}" = -* ]]; then
OPTARG="$OPTION" OPTION=":"
fi
#== manage options ==#
case "$OPTION" in
f ) foo=1 bar=0 ;;
b ) foo=0 bar=1 ;;
B ) barfoo=${OPTARG} ;;
F ) foobar=1 && foobar_name=${OPTARG} ;;
h ) usagefull && exit 0 ;;
: ) echo "${SCRIPT_NAME}: -$OPTARG: option requires an argument" >&2 && usage >&2 && exit 99 ;;
? ) echo "${SCRIPT_NAME}: -$OPTARG: unknown option" >&2 && usage >&2 && exit 99 ;;
esac
done
shift $((${OPTIND} - 1))
下面是一个测试:
# Short options test
$ ./foobar_any_getopts.sh -bF "Hello world" -B 6 file1 file2
foo=0 bar=1
barfoo=6
foobar=1 foobar_name=Hello world
files=file1 file2
# Long and short options test
$ ./foobar_any_getopts.sh --bar -F Hello --barfoo 6 file1 file2
foo=0 bar=1
barfoo=6
foobar=1 foobar_name=Hello
files=file1 file2
另外，在最近的Korn Shell ksh93中，getopts可以自然地解析长选项，甚至显示类似的手册页。(参见http://www.uxora.com/unix/shell-script/20-getopts-with-man-page-and-long-options)
一个简单的DIY，只获得长名称的参数:
Use:
$ ./test-args.sh --a1 a1 --a2 "a 2" --a3 --a4= --a5=a5 --a6="a 6"
a1 = "a1"
a2 = "a 2"
a3 = "TRUE"
a4 = ""
a5 = "a5"
a6 = "a 6"
a7 = ""
脚本:
#!/bin/bash
function main() {
ARGS=`getArgs "$@"`
a1=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a1`
a2=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a2`
a3=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a3`
a4=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a4`
a5=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a5`
a6=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a6`
a7=`echo "$ARGS" | getNamedArg a7`
echo "a1 = \"$a1\""
echo "a2 = \"$a2\""
echo "a3 = \"$a3\""
echo "a4 = \"$a4\""
echo "a5 = \"$a5\""
echo "a6 = \"$a6\""
echo "a7 = \"$a7\""
exit 0
}
function getArgs() {
for arg in "$@"; do
echo "$arg"
done
}
function getNamedArg() {
ARG_NAME=$1
sed --regexp-extended --quiet --expression="
s/^--$ARG_NAME=(.*)\$/\1/p # Get arguments in format '--arg=value': [s]ubstitute '--arg=value' by 'value', and [p]rint
/^--$ARG_NAME\$/ { # Get arguments in format '--arg value' ou '--arg'
n # - [n]ext, because in this format, if value exists, it will be the next argument
/^--/! p # - If next doesn't starts with '--', it is the value of the actual argument
/^--/ { # - If next do starts with '--', it is the next argument and the actual argument is a boolean one
# Then just repla[c]ed by TRUE
c TRUE
}
}
"
}
main "$@"
Getopts“可以用来”解析长选项，只要你不希望它们有参数……
以下是如何:
$ cat > longopt
while getopts 'e:-:' OPT; do
case $OPT in
e) echo echo: $OPTARG;;
-) #long option
case $OPTARG in
long-option) echo long option;;
*) echo long option: $OPTARG;;
esac;;
esac
done
$ bash longopt -e asd --long-option --long1 --long2 -e test
echo: asd
long option
long option: long1
long option: long2
echo: test
如果尝试使用OPTIND获取长选项的参数，getopts将把它作为第一个不可选的位置参数，并停止解析任何其他参数。 在这种情况下，您最好使用简单的case语句手动处理它。
这将“总是”工作:
$ cat >longopt2
while (($#)); do
OPT=$1
shift
case $OPT in
--*) case ${OPT:2} in
long1) echo long1 option;;
complex) echo comples with argument $1; shift;;
esac;;
-*) case ${OPT:1} in
a) echo short option a;;
b) echo short option b with parameter $1; shift;;
esac;;
esac
done
$ bash longopt2 --complex abc -a --long -b test
comples with argument abc
short option a
short option b with parameter test
尽管它不像getopts那么灵活，而且你必须在用例实例中自己做很多错误检查代码……
但这是一种选择。
