我想引用Herb Sutter在GotW #95中的一句话，这有助于理解volatile变量的含义:

C++ volatile variables (which have no analog in languages like C# and Java) are always beyond the scope of this and any other article about the memory model and synchronization. That’s because C++ volatile variables aren’t about threads or communication at all and don’t interact with those things. Rather, a C++ volatile variable should be viewed as portal into a different universe beyond the language — a memory location that by definition does not obey the language’s memory model because that memory location is accessed by hardware (e.g., written to by a daughter card), have more than one address, or is otherwise “strange” and beyond the language. So C++ volatile variables are universally an exception to every guideline about synchronization because are always inherently “racy” and unsynchronizable using the normal tools (mutexes, atomics, etc.) and more generally exist outside all normal of the language and compiler including that they generally cannot be optimized by the compiler (because the compiler isn’t allowed to know their semantics; a volatile int vi; may not behave anything like a normal int, and you can’t even assume that code like vi = 5; int read_back = vi; is guaranteed to result in read_back == 5, or that code like int i = vi; int j = vi; that reads vi twice will result in i == j which will not be true if vi is a hardware counter for example).

在开发嵌入式系统或设备驱动程序时，需要使用Volatile，因为在这些驱动程序中需要读写内存映射的硬件设备。特定设备寄存器的内容随时都可能改变，所以你需要volatile关键字来确保这样的访问不会被编译器优化。

我曾经在20世纪90年代早期开发过一个大型应用程序，其中包含使用setjmp和longjmp进行基于c语言的异常处理。volatile关键字对于那些值需要保存在作为“catch”子句的代码块中的变量是必要的，以免这些变量被存储在寄存器中并被longjmp清除。

如果你正在从内存中的某个点(比如说，一个完全独立的进程/设备/任何东西)读取数据，则需要使用Volatile。

我曾经在纯c的多处理器系统中使用双端口ram。我们使用硬件管理的16位值作为信号量，以知道另一个家伙什么时候完成。基本上我们是这样做的:

void waitForSemaphore()
{
   volatile uint16_t* semPtr = WELL_KNOWN_SEM_ADDR;/*well known address to my semaphore*/
   while ((*semPtr) != IS_OK_FOR_ME_TO_PROCEED);
}

没有volatile，优化器认为循环是无用的(这家伙从不设置值!他疯了，删掉那代码吧!)，我的代码会在没有获得信号量的情况下继续运行，从而在以后造成问题。

一些处理器具有超过64位精度的浮点寄存器(例如。32位x86没有SSE，见Peter的评论)。这样，如果您对双精度数运行多次操作，实际上会得到比将每个中间结果截断为64位更高精度的答案。

这通常很好，但这意味着根据编译器如何分配寄存器和进行优化，对于完全相同的输入，完全相同的操作将得到不同的结果。如果您需要一致性，那么您可以使用volatile关键字强制每个操作返回内存。

它对于一些没有代数意义但减少浮点误差的算法也很有用，比如Kahan求和。代数上它是一个nop，所以它经常会被错误地优化除非一些中间变量是不稳定的。

我想引用Herb Sutter在GotW #95中的一句话，这有助于理解volatile变量的含义:

C++ volatile variables (which have no analog in languages like C# and Java) are always beyond the scope of this and any other article about the memory model and synchronization. That’s because C++ volatile variables aren’t about threads or communication at all and don’t interact with those things. Rather, a C++ volatile variable should be viewed as portal into a different universe beyond the language — a memory location that by definition does not obey the language’s memory model because that memory location is accessed by hardware (e.g., written to by a daughter card), have more than one address, or is otherwise “strange” and beyond the language. So C++ volatile variables are universally an exception to every guideline about synchronization because are always inherently “racy” and unsynchronizable using the normal tools (mutexes, atomics, etc.) and more generally exist outside all normal of the language and compiler including that they generally cannot be optimized by the compiler (because the compiler isn’t allowed to know their semantics; a volatile int vi; may not behave anything like a normal int, and you can’t even assume that code like vi = 5; int read_back = vi; is guaranteed to result in read_back == 5, or that code like int i = vi; int j = vi; that reads vi twice will result in i == j which will not be true if vi is a hardware counter for example).