在实现无锁数据结构时必须使用volatile。否则，编译器可以自由地优化对变量的访问，这将改变语义。

换句话说，volatile告诉编译器对这个变量的访问必须对应于物理内存的读/写操作。

例如，这是Win32 API中InterlockedIncrement的声明方式:

LONG __cdecl InterlockedIncrement(
  __inout  LONG volatile *Addend
);

在开发嵌入式系统或设备驱动程序时，需要使用Volatile，因为在这些驱动程序中需要读写内存映射的硬件设备。特定设备寄存器的内容随时都可能改变，所以你需要volatile关键字来确保这样的访问不会被编译器优化。

为嵌入式开发，我有一个循环，检查可以在中断处理程序中更改的变量。如果没有“volatile”，循环就变成了noop——就编译器所知，变量永远不会改变，所以它优化了检查。

同样的事情也适用于在更传统的环境中可能在不同线程中更改的变量，但在那里我们经常进行同步调用，因此编译器在优化方面没有那么自由。

我想引用Herb Sutter在GotW #95中的一句话，这有助于理解volatile变量的含义:

C++ volatile variables (which have no analog in languages like C# and Java) are always beyond the scope of this and any other article about the memory model and synchronization. That’s because C++ volatile variables aren’t about threads or communication at all and don’t interact with those things. Rather, a C++ volatile variable should be viewed as portal into a different universe beyond the language — a memory location that by definition does not obey the language’s memory model because that memory location is accessed by hardware (e.g., written to by a daughter card), have more than one address, or is otherwise “strange” and beyond the language. So C++ volatile variables are universally an exception to every guideline about synchronization because are always inherently “racy” and unsynchronizable using the normal tools (mutexes, atomics, etc.) and more generally exist outside all normal of the language and compiler including that they generally cannot be optimized by the compiler (because the compiler isn’t allowed to know their semantics; a volatile int vi; may not behave anything like a normal int, and you can’t even assume that code like vi = 5; int read_back = vi; is guaranteed to result in read_back == 5, or that code like int i = vi; int j = vi; that reads vi twice will result in i == j which will not be true if vi is a hardware counter for example).

Dan Saks在《Volatile as a promise》一文中写道:

易失性对象是其值可能自发变化的对象。也就是说，当你声明一个对象为volatile时，你是在告诉编译器这个对象可能会改变状态，即使程序中没有任何语句显示要改变它。”

以下是他关于volatile关键字的三篇文章的链接:

明智地使用挥发剂 准确放置挥发剂 像承诺一样反复无常

我曾经在调试构建中使用过它，当编译器坚持要优化掉一个变量时，我希望在逐步执行代码时能够看到这个变量。