在我的例子中，我需要不可变字节数组来实现包含许多文字数字的加密库，我想确保这些数字是常量。

这个答案是有效的，但是尝试重赋bytearray元素不会引发错误。

def const(func):
    '''implement const decorator'''
    def fset(self, val):
        '''attempting to set a const raises `ConstError`'''
        class ConstError(TypeError):
            '''special exception for const reassignment'''
            pass

        raise ConstError

    def fget(self):
        '''get a const'''
        return func()

    return property(fget, fset)


class Consts(object):
    '''contain all constants'''

    @const
    def C1():
        '''reassignment to C1 fails silently'''
        return bytearray.fromhex('deadbeef')

    @const
    def pi():
        '''is immutable'''
        return 3.141592653589793

常量是不可变的，但是常量bytearray赋值默默失败:

>>> c = Consts()
>>> c.pi = 6.283185307179586  # (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_(2%CF%80))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "consts.py", line 9, in fset
    raise ConstError
__main__.ConstError
>>> c.C1[0] = 0
>>> c.C1[0]
222
>>> c.C1
bytearray(b'\xde\xad\xbe\xef')

一种更强大、更简单，甚至可能更“python化”的方法涉及使用memoryview对象(<= python-2.6中的缓冲区对象)。

import sys

PY_VER = sys.version.split()[0].split('.')

if int(PY_VER[0]) == 2:
    if int(PY_VER[1]) < 6:
        raise NotImplementedError
    elif int(PY_VER[1]) == 6:
        memoryview = buffer

class ConstArray(object):
    '''represent a constant bytearray'''
    def __init__(self, init):
        '''
        create a hidden bytearray and expose a memoryview of that bytearray for
        read-only use
        '''
        if int(PY_VER[1]) == 6:
            self.__array = bytearray(init.decode('hex'))
        else:
            self.__array = bytearray.fromhex(init)

        self.array = memoryview(self.__array)

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.__array)

    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs):
       return self.array.__getitem__(*args, **kwargs)

ConstArray项赋值是一个TypeError:

>>> C1 = ConstArray('deadbeef')
>>> C1[0] = 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'ConstArray' object does not support item assignment
>>> C1[0]
222

扩展Raufio的答案，添加__repr__来返回值。

class const(object):
    def __init__(self, val):
        super(const, self).__setattr__("value", val)
    def __setattr__(self, name, val):
        raise ValueError("Trying to change a constant value", self)
    def __repr__(self):
        return ('{0}'.format(self.value))

dt = const(float(0.01))
print dt

那么对象的行为就更像你所期望的那样，你可以直接访问它而不是使用"。value "

python声明“常量”的方式基本上是一个模块级别的变量:

RED = 1
GREEN = 2
BLUE = 3

然后编写类或函数。因为常量几乎都是整数，而且它们在Python中也是不可变的，所以你几乎没有机会改变它。

当然，除非显式地设置RED = 2。

我们可以创建一个描述符对象。

class Constant:
  def __init__(self,value=None):
    self.value = value
  def __get__(self,instance,owner):
    return self.value
  def __set__(self,instance,value):
    raise ValueError("You can't change a constant")

1)如果我们想在实例级使用常量，那么:

class A:
  NULL = Constant()
  NUM = Constant(0xFF)

class B:
  NAME = Constant('bar')
  LISTA = Constant([0,1,'INFINITY'])

>>> obj=A()
>>> print(obj.NUM)  #=> 255
>>> obj.NUM =100

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: You can't change a constant

2)如果我们只想在类级别上创建常量，我们可以使用元类作为常量(描述符对象)的容器;所有下降的类将继承我们的常量(我们的描述符对象)，没有任何可以修改的风险。

# metaclass of my class Foo
class FooMeta(type): pass

# class Foo
class Foo(metaclass=FooMeta): pass

# I create constants in my metaclass
FooMeta.NUM = Constant(0xff)
FooMeta.NAME = Constant('FOO')

>>> Foo.NUM   #=> 255
>>> Foo.NAME  #=> 'FOO'
>>> Foo.NUM = 0 #=> ValueError: You can't change a constant

如果我创建一个Foo的子类，这个类将继承常量，而不可能修改它们

class Bar(Foo): pass

>>> Bar.NUM  #=> 255
>>> Bar.NUM = 0  #=> ValueError: You can't change a constant

我忍不住要提供我自己的极简元类实现(这可能是前面元类答案的变体)。

常量存储在容器类中(不需要实例化)。值只能设置一次，但设置后不能更改(或删除)。

就我个人而言，我目前还没有这个用例，但这是一个有趣的练习。

class MetaConstant(type):
    ''' Metaclass that allows underlying class to store constants at class-level (subclass instance not needed).
        Non-existent attributes of underlying class (constants) can be set initially, but cannot be changed or deleted.
    '''

    def __setattr__(klass, attr, value):
        'If attribute (constant) doesn\'t exist, set value. If attribute exists, raise AttributeError.'
        if hasattr(klass, attr):
            raise AttributeError(f'Can\'t change the value of the constant {klass.__name__}.{attr} to {value}'
                                 f' (the value of {klass.__name__}.{attr} is already set to'
                                 f' {getattr(klass, attr)}).')
        super().__setattr__(attr, value)

    def __delattr__(klass, attr):
        if hasattr(klass, attr):
            raise AttributeError(f'Can\'t delete constant {klass.__name__}.{attr}'
                                 f' (set to {getattr(klass, attr)}).')


class Constants(metaclass=MetaConstant):
    'Container class for constants. No instantiation required.'
    #pass               # uncomment if no constants set upon class creation
    B = 'Six'           # sets Constants.B to 'Six'


Constants.B = 6         # AttributeError
del Constants.B         # AttributeError

Constants.A = 'Five'    # sets Constants.A to 'Five'
Constants.A = 5         # AttributeError
del Constants.A         # AttributeError

请随意提出改进建议。

你可以使用Tuple常量变量:

tuple是一个有序且不可更改的集合

my_tuple = (1, "Hello", 3.4)
print(my_tuple[0])