如何在Python中声明常量?
在Java中,我们做:
public static final String CONST_NAME = "Name";
如何在Python中声明常量?
在Java中,我们做:
public static final String CONST_NAME = "Name";
当前回答
不幸的是,Python还没有常数,这是耻辱。ES6已经为JavaScript添加了支持常量(https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/const),因为它在任何编程语言中都非常有用。 正如在Python社区的其他回答中所回答的那样,使用约定的用户大写变量作为常量,但它不能防止代码中的任意错误。 如果您愿意,您可能会发现一个有用的单文件解决方案 (参见文档字符串如何使用它)。
文件constants.py
import collections
__all__ = ('const', )
class Constant(object):
"""
Implementation strict constants in Python 3.
A constant can be set up, but can not be changed or deleted.
Value of constant may any immutable type, as well as list or set.
Besides if value of a constant is list or set, it will be converted in an immutable type as next:
list -> tuple
set -> frozenset
Dict as value of a constant has no support.
>>> const = Constant()
>>> del const.temp
Traceback (most recent call last):
NameError: name 'temp' is not defined
>>> const.temp = 1
>>> const.temp = 88
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Constanst can not be changed
>>> del const.temp
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Constanst can not be deleted
>>> const.I = ['a', 1, 1.2]
>>> print(const.I)
('a', 1, 1.2)
>>> const.F = {1.2}
>>> print(const.F)
frozenset([1.2])
>>> const.D = dict()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: dict can not be used as constant
>>> del const.UNDEFINED
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NameError: name 'UNDEFINED' is not defined
>>> const()
{'I': ('a', 1, 1.2), 'temp': 1, 'F': frozenset([1.2])}
"""
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
"""Declaration a constant with value. If mutable - it will be converted to immutable, if possible.
If the constant already exists, then made prevent againt change it."""
if name in self.__dict__:
raise TypeError('Constanst can not be changed')
if not isinstance(value, collections.Hashable):
if isinstance(value, list):
value = tuple(value)
elif isinstance(value, set):
value = frozenset(value)
elif isinstance(value, dict):
raise TypeError('dict can not be used as constant')
else:
raise ValueError('Muttable or custom type is not supported')
self.__dict__[name] = value
def __delattr__(self, name):
"""Deny against deleting a declared constant."""
if name in self.__dict__:
raise TypeError('Constanst can not be deleted')
raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % name)
def __call__(self):
"""Return all constans."""
return self.__dict__
const = Constant()
if __name__ == '__main__':
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
如果这还不够,请参阅完整的测试用例。
import decimal
import uuid
import datetime
import unittest
from ..constants import Constant
class TestConstant(unittest.TestCase):
"""
Test for implementation constants in the Python
"""
def setUp(self):
self.const = Constant()
def tearDown(self):
del self.const
def test_create_constant_with_different_variants_of_name(self):
self.const.CONSTANT = 1
self.assertEqual(self.const.CONSTANT, 1)
self.const.Constant = 2
self.assertEqual(self.const.Constant, 2)
self.const.ConStAnT = 3
self.assertEqual(self.const.ConStAnT, 3)
self.const.constant = 4
self.assertEqual(self.const.constant, 4)
self.const.co_ns_ta_nt = 5
self.assertEqual(self.const.co_ns_ta_nt, 5)
self.const.constant1111 = 6
self.assertEqual(self.const.constant1111, 6)
def test_create_and_change_integer_constant(self):
self.const.INT = 1234
self.assertEqual(self.const.INT, 1234)
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.INT = .211
def test_create_and_change_float_constant(self):
self.const.FLOAT = .1234
self.assertEqual(self.const.FLOAT, .1234)
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.FLOAT = .211
def test_create_and_change_list_constant_but_saved_as_tuple(self):
self.const.LIST = [1, .2, None, True, datetime.date.today(), [], {}]
self.assertEqual(self.const.LIST, (1, .2, None, True, datetime.date.today(), [], {}))
self.assertTrue(isinstance(self.const.LIST, tuple))
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.LIST = .211
def test_create_and_change_none_constant(self):
self.const.NONE = None
self.assertEqual(self.const.NONE, None)
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.NONE = .211
def test_create_and_change_boolean_constant(self):
self.const.BOOLEAN = True
self.assertEqual(self.const.BOOLEAN, True)
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.BOOLEAN = False
def test_create_and_change_string_constant(self):
self.const.STRING = "Text"
self.assertEqual(self.const.STRING, "Text")
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.STRING += '...'
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.STRING = 'TEst1'
def test_create_dict_constant(self):
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'dict can not be used as constant'):
self.const.DICT = {}
def test_create_and_change_tuple_constant(self):
self.const.TUPLE = (1, .2, None, True, datetime.date.today(), [], {})
self.assertEqual(self.const.TUPLE, (1, .2, None, True, datetime.date.today(), [], {}))
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.TUPLE = 'TEst1'
def test_create_and_change_set_constant(self):
self.const.SET = {1, .2, None, True, datetime.date.today()}
self.assertEqual(self.const.SET, {1, .2, None, True, datetime.date.today()})
self.assertTrue(isinstance(self.const.SET, frozenset))
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.SET = 3212
def test_create_and_change_frozenset_constant(self):
self.const.FROZENSET = frozenset({1, .2, None, True, datetime.date.today()})
self.assertEqual(self.const.FROZENSET, frozenset({1, .2, None, True, datetime.date.today()}))
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.FROZENSET = True
def test_create_and_change_date_constant(self):
self.const.DATE = datetime.date(1111, 11, 11)
self.assertEqual(self.const.DATE, datetime.date(1111, 11, 11))
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.DATE = True
def test_create_and_change_datetime_constant(self):
self.const.DATETIME = datetime.datetime(2000, 10, 10, 10, 10)
self.assertEqual(self.const.DATETIME, datetime.datetime(2000, 10, 10, 10, 10))
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.DATETIME = None
def test_create_and_change_decimal_constant(self):
self.const.DECIMAL = decimal.Decimal(13123.12312312321)
self.assertEqual(self.const.DECIMAL, decimal.Decimal(13123.12312312321))
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.DECIMAL = None
def test_create_and_change_timedelta_constant(self):
self.const.TIMEDELTA = datetime.timedelta(days=45)
self.assertEqual(self.const.TIMEDELTA, datetime.timedelta(days=45))
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.TIMEDELTA = 1
def test_create_and_change_uuid_constant(self):
value = uuid.uuid4()
self.const.UUID = value
self.assertEqual(self.const.UUID, value)
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be changed'):
self.const.UUID = []
def test_try_delete_defined_const(self):
self.const.VERSION = '0.0.1'
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'Constanst can not be deleted'):
del self.const.VERSION
def test_try_delete_undefined_const(self):
with self.assertRaisesRegexp(NameError, "name 'UNDEFINED' is not defined"):
del self.const.UNDEFINED
def test_get_all_defined_constants(self):
self.assertDictEqual(self.const(), {})
self.const.A = 1
self.assertDictEqual(self.const(), {'A': 1})
self.const.B = "Text"
self.assertDictEqual(self.const(), {'A': 1, 'B': "Text"})
优点: 1. 访问整个项目的所有常量 2. 严格控制常数值
缺乏: 1. 不支持自定义类型和'dict'类型
注:
使用Python3.4和Python3.5进行测试(我使用“tox”进行测试) 测试环境:
.
$ uname -a
Linux wlysenko-Aspire 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
其他回答
在python中,常量只是一个变量,名称全大写,单词之间用下划线分隔,
e.g
Days_in_week = 7
该值是可变的,即您可以更改它。但既然名字的规则告诉你是常数,你为什么要这么做呢?我是说,这毕竟是你的项目!
这是python中采用的方法。出于同样的原因,没有private关键字。用下划线作为名称的前缀,您就知道它是私有的。代码可以打破规则....就像程序员可以删除private关键字一样。
Python可以添加一个const关键字…但是程序员可以删除关键字,然后如果他们想要更改常量,但为什么要这样做呢?如果你想打破规则,你可以改变规则。但如果名字的意思已经很清楚了,为什么还要费心打破规则呢?
也许在某些单元测试中,对值应用更改是有意义的?看看一周8天会发生什么,尽管在现实世界中,一周的天数是不能改变的。如果语言阻止你做一个例外,如果只有这一个情况,你需要打破规则……然后您将不得不停止将它声明为常量,即使它在应用程序中仍然是常量,并且只有这个测试用例来查看如果它被更改会发生什么。
全大写的名称告诉您它是一个常量。这才是重要的。没有一种语言强制约束代码,无论如何你都可以修改。
这就是python的哲学。
Python字典是可变的,所以它们似乎不是声明常量的好方法:
>>> constants = {"foo":1, "bar":2}
>>> print constants
{'foo': 1, 'bar': 2}
>>> constants["bar"] = 3
>>> print constants
{'foo': 1, 'bar': 3}
在其他语言中没有const关键字,但是可以创建一个具有“getter函数”来读取数据,但没有“setter函数”来重写数据的Property。这从本质上保护标识符不被更改。
下面是一个使用class属性的替代实现:
请注意,对于想了解常量的读者来说,代码远非简单。见下面的解释。
def constant(f):
def fset(self, value):
raise TypeError
def fget(self):
return f()
return property(fget, fset)
class _Const(object):
@constant
def FOO():
return 0xBAADFACE
@constant
def BAR():
return 0xDEADBEEF
CONST = _Const()
print(hex(CONST.FOO)) # -> '0xbaadfaceL'
CONST.FOO = 0
##Traceback (most recent call last):
## File "example1.py", line 22, in <module>
## CONST.FOO = 0
## File "example1.py", line 5, in fset
## raise TypeError
##TypeError
代码的解释:
定义一个接受表达式的函数常量,并使用它来构造一个“getter”——一个仅返回表达式值的函数。 setter函数引发TypeError,因此它是只读的 使用我们刚刚创建的常量函数作为装饰来快速定义只读属性。
用另一种更传统的方式:
(代码相当棘手,下面有更多解释)
class _Const(object):
def FOO():
def fset(self, value):
raise TypeError
def fget(self):
return 0xBAADFACE
return property(**locals())
FOO = FOO() # Define property.
CONST = _Const()
print(hex(CONST.FOO)) # -> '0xbaadfaceL'
CONST.FOO = 0
##Traceback (most recent call last):
## File "example2.py", line 16, in <module>
## CONST.FOO = 0
## File "example2.py", line 6, in fset
## raise TypeError
##TypeError
要定义标识符FOO,首先定义两个函数(fset, fget -名称由我选择)。 然后使用内置的属性函数构造一个可以“set”或“get”的对象。 注意属性函数的前两个参数名为fset和fget。 利用我们为自己的getter和setter选择这些名称的事实,并使用应用于该作用域的所有本地定义的**(双星号)创建一个关键字字典,将参数传递给属性函数
注意:这是一个糟糕的想法和糟糕的实现。此外,它只适用于最后的小例子,一个完整的实现将意味着大量的工作,这是我太懒了。而且,在Python 3.8之前,审计钩子可能是不可用的。
我基本上回答了另一个问题,结果和这个问题有关。它的思想是,你可以利用审计钩子来捕捉每一行的执行,解析代码对象,如果它满足某些条件(例如某个前缀并且已经定义过一次),你可以抛出一个错误。
你可能不得不支持其他赋值类型(例如,对于导入的东西,可能对于函数内部的局部变量,解包等),不使用全局变量,因为字典可以很容易地修改,实际上调查这是否安全,接受这个实现将对你的整个应用程序造成的性能损失,确保它在REPL之外工作,在ipython内部工作,等等等等。不管怎样,我们开始吧:
>>> import sys
>>> import ast
>>> import dis
>>> import types
>>>
>>>
>>> def hook(name, tup):
... if name == "exec" and tup:
... if tup and isinstance(tup[0], types.CodeType):
... code = tup[0]
... store_instruction_arg = None
... instructions = [dis.opname[op] for op in code.co_code]
...
... for i, instruction in enumerate(instructions):
... if instruction == "STORE_NAME":
... store_instruction_arg = code.co_code[i + 1]
... break
...
... if store_instruction_arg is not None:
... var_name = code.co_names[store_instruction_arg]
... if var_name in globals():
... raise Exception("Cannot re-assign variable")
...
>>>
>>> sys.addaudithook(hook)
>>>
>>> a = '123'
>>> a = 456
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 16, in hook
Exception: Cannot re-assign variable
>>>
>>> a
'123'
如果你以这种方式结束,你不应该,除了修复和泛化代码,你可能会想要找到一种方法,只让一些东西不变,例如,只有那些有特殊前缀的对象或只有对象有一些注释。
我们可以创建一个描述符对象。
class Constant:
def __init__(self,value=None):
self.value = value
def __get__(self,instance,owner):
return self.value
def __set__(self,instance,value):
raise ValueError("You can't change a constant")
1)如果我们想在实例级使用常量,那么:
class A:
NULL = Constant()
NUM = Constant(0xFF)
class B:
NAME = Constant('bar')
LISTA = Constant([0,1,'INFINITY'])
>>> obj=A()
>>> print(obj.NUM) #=> 255
>>> obj.NUM =100
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: You can't change a constant
2)如果我们只想在类级别上创建常量,我们可以使用元类作为常量(描述符对象)的容器;所有下降的类将继承我们的常量(我们的描述符对象),没有任何可以修改的风险。
# metaclass of my class Foo
class FooMeta(type): pass
# class Foo
class Foo(metaclass=FooMeta): pass
# I create constants in my metaclass
FooMeta.NUM = Constant(0xff)
FooMeta.NAME = Constant('FOO')
>>> Foo.NUM #=> 255
>>> Foo.NAME #=> 'FOO'
>>> Foo.NUM = 0 #=> ValueError: You can't change a constant
如果我创建一个Foo的子类,这个类将继承常量,而不可能修改它们
class Bar(Foo): pass
>>> Bar.NUM #=> 255
>>> Bar.NUM = 0 #=> ValueError: You can't change a constant