这取决于JUnit版本和使用的断言库。

JUnit5和4.13见答案如果您使用AssertJ或google truth，请参阅答案

JUnit<=4.12的原始答案是：

    @Test(expected = IndexOutOfBoundsException.class)
    public void testIndexOutOfBoundsException() {

        ArrayList emptyList = new ArrayList();
        Object o = emptyList.get(0);

    }

尽管答案对于JUnit<=4.12有更多选项。

参考：

JUnit测试常见问题解答

我使用Java 8 lambdas的解决方案：

public static <T extends Throwable> T assertThrows(Class<T> expected, ThrowingRunnable action) throws Throwable {
    try {
        action.run();
        Assert.fail("Did not throw expected " + expected.getSimpleName());
        return null; // never actually
    } catch (Throwable actual) {
        if (!expected.isAssignableFrom(actual.getClass())) { // runtime '!(actual instanceof expected)'
            System.err.println("Threw " + actual.getClass().getSimpleName() 
                               + ", which is not a subtype of expected " 
                               + expected.getSimpleName());
            throw actual; // throw the unexpected Throwable for maximum transparency
        } else {
            return (T) actual; // return the expected Throwable for further examination
        }
    }
}

您必须定义FunctionalInterface，因为Runnable没有声明所需的抛出。

@FunctionalInterface
public interface ThrowingRunnable {
    void run() throws Throwable;
}

方法如下：

class CustomException extends Exception {
    public final String message;
    public CustomException(final String message) { this.message = message;}
}
CustomException e = assertThrows(CustomException.class, () -> {
    throw new CustomException("Lorem Ipsum");
});
assertEquals("Lorem Ipsum", e.message);

小心使用预期的异常，因为它只断言方法抛出了该异常，而不是测试中的特定代码行。

我倾向于将其用于测试参数验证，因为这样的方法通常非常简单，但更复杂的测试可能更好：

try {
    methodThatShouldThrow();
    fail( "My method didn't throw when I expected it to" );
} catch (MyException expectedException) {
}

应用判断。

这样如何：捕获一个非常普通的异常，确保它从catch块中取出，然后断言该异常的类是您期望的。如果a）异常类型错误（例如，如果您使用了空指针），并且b）该异常从未被抛出，则该断言将失败。

public void testFooThrowsIndexOutOfBoundsException() {
  Throwable e = null;

  try {
    foo.doStuff();
  } catch (Throwable ex) {
    e = ex;
  }

  assertTrue(e instanceof IndexOutOfBoundsException);
}

try {
    my method();
    fail( "This method must thrwo" );
} catch (Exception ex) {
    assertThat(ex.getMessage()).isEqual(myErrormsg);
}

例如，您想为下面提到的代码片段编写Junit

public int divideByZeroDemo(int a,int b){

    return a/b;
}

public void exceptionWithMessage(String [] arr){

    throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException("Array is out of bound");
}

上面的代码用于测试可能发生的某些未知异常，下面的代码用于使用自定义消息断言某些异常。

 @Rule
public ExpectedException exception=ExpectedException.none();

private Demo demo;
@Before
public void setup(){

    demo=new Demo();
}
@Test(expected=ArithmeticException.class)
public void testIfItThrowsAnyException() {

    demo.divideByZeroDemo(5, 0);

}

@Test
public void testExceptionWithMessage(){


    exception.expectMessage("Array is out of bound");
    exception.expect(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.class);
    demo.exceptionWithMessage(new String[]{"This","is","a","demo"});
}