下面是Dimitris Andreou链接的摘要。

记住i次幂的和，其中i=1 2 .. k。这就把问题简化为解方程组

A1 + A2 + ... + AK = B1

A12 + A22 + ... + AK2 = B2

...

a1k + a2k + ... + laas = bk

利用牛顿恒等式，知道bi就可以计算

c1 = a1 + a2 +ak

c2 = a1a2 + a1a3 +，+ ak-1ak

...

ck = a1a2 ..ak

如果你展开多项式(x-a1)…(x-ak)系数正好是c1，…， ck -见Viète的公式。由于每个多项式因子都是唯一的(多项式环是欧几里得域)，这意味着ai是唯一确定的，直到排列为止。

这就证明了记住幂就足以恢复数字。对于常数k，这是一个很好的方法。

However, when k is varying, the direct approach of computing c1,...,ck is prohibitely expensive, since e.g. ck is the product of all missing numbers, magnitude n!/(n-k)!. To overcome this, perform computations in Zq field, where q is a prime such that n <= q < 2n - it exists by Bertrand's postulate. The proof doesn't need to be changed, since the formulas still hold, and factorization of polynomials is still unique. You also need an algorithm for factorization over finite fields, for example the one by Berlekamp or Cantor-Zassenhaus.

常数k的高级伪代码:

计算给定数的i次幂 相减得到未知数字的i次幂的和。称这些和为bi。 利用牛顿恒等式从bi中计算系数;叫它们ci。c1 = b1;C2 = (c1b1 - b2)/2;详见维基百科的精确公式 因式分解多项式xk-c1xk-1 +…+ ck。 多项式的根是所需的数a1，…正义与发展党。

对于改变k，使用例如Miller-Rabin，找到质数n <= q < 2n，并对所有数字对q进行模数化简来执行步骤。

编辑:这个答案的前一个版本表明，可以使用特征2 (q=2^(log n))的有限域来代替Zq，其中q是素数。但事实并非如此，因为牛顿公式需要除以k以内的数。

你可以通过阅读Muthukrishnan的几页-数据流算法:谜题1:寻找缺失的数字来找到它。它准确地显示了您正在寻找的泛化。也许这就是面试官读到的内容，也是他提出这些问题的原因。

还请参阅sdcvvc的直接相关答案，其中还包括伪代码(万岁!没有必要阅读那些棘手的数学公式:)(谢谢，干得好!)

我使用Java 8和Java 8之前的版本编写代码。 它使用一个公式:(N*(N+1))/2作为所有数字的和。

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

   /**
 * 
 * 
 * @author pradeep
 * 
 *         Answer : SumOfAllNumbers-SumOfPresentNumbers=Missing Number;
 * 
 *         To GET SumOfAllNumbers : Get the highest number (N) by checking the
 *         length. and use the formula (N*(N+1))/2
 * 
 *         To GET SumOfPresentNumbers: iterate and add it
 * 
 * 
 */
public class FindMissingNumber {
    /**
     * Before Java 8
     * 
     * @param numbers
     * @return
     */
    public static int missingNumber(List<Integer> numbers) {
        int sumOfPresentNumbers = 0;
        for (Integer integer : numbers) {
            sumOfPresentNumbers = sumOfPresentNumbers + integer;
        }
        int n = numbers.size();
        int sumOfAllNumbers = (n * (n + 1)) / 2;
        return sumOfAllNumbers - sumOfPresentNumbers;
    }
    /**
     * Using Java 8 . mapToInt & sum using streams.
     * 
     * @param numbers
     * @return
     */
    public static int missingNumberJava8(List<Integer> numbers) {
        int sumOfPresentNumbers = numbers.stream().mapToInt(i -> i).sum();
        int n = numbers.size();
        int sumOfAllNumbers = (n * (n + 1)) / 2;
        return sumOfAllNumbers - sumOfPresentNumbers;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list = Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2, 4);
        System.out.println("Missing number is :  " + missingNumber(list));
        System.out.println("Missing number using Java 8 is : " + missingNumberJava8(list));
    }
}*

你能查一下每个号码是否都存在吗?如果是，你可以试试这个:

S =袋子中所有数字的和(S < 5050) Z =缺失数的和5050 - S

如果缺失的数字是x和y，则:

x = Z - y和 max(x) = Z - 1

所以你检查从1到max(x)的范围，并找到这个数字

这是个很简单的问题

void findMissing(){
    bool record[N] = {0};
    for(int i = 0; i < N; i++){
        record[bag[i]-1] = 1;
    }
    for(int i = 0; i < N; i++){
        if(!record[i]) cout << i+1 << endl;
    }
}

O(n)时间和空间复杂度

要解决缺少2(和3)个数字的问题，您可以修改quickselect，它平均在O(n)内运行，如果分区是就地完成的，则使用恒定内存。

Partition the set with respect to a random pivot p into partitions l, which contain numbers smaller than the pivot, and r, which contain numbers greater than the pivot. Determine which partitions the 2 missing numbers are in by comparing the pivot value to the size of each partition (p - 1 - count(l) = count of missing numbers in l and n - count(r) - p = count of missing numbers in r) a) If each partition is missing one number, then use the difference of sums approach to find each missing number. (1 + 2 + ... + (p-1)) - sum(l) = missing #1 and ((p+1) + (p+2) ... + n) - sum(r) = missing #2 b) If one partition is missing both numbers and the partition is empty, then the missing numbers are either (p-1,p-2) or (p+1,p+2) depending on which partition is missing the numbers. If one partition is missing 2 numbers but is not empty, then recurse onto that partiton.

由于只缺少2个数字，该算法总是丢弃至少一个分区，因此保持了O(n)个快速选择的平均时间复杂度。类似地，当缺少3个数字时，该算法也会在每次传递中丢弃至少一个分区(因为当缺少2个数字时，最多只有1个分区包含多个缺少的数字)。然而，我不确定当添加更多缺失的数字时，性能会下降多少。

下面是一个不使用就地分区的实现，所以这个例子不满足空间要求，但它确实说明了算法的步骤:

<?php

  $list = range(1,100);
  unset($list[3]);
  unset($list[31]);

  findMissing($list,1,100);

  function findMissing($list, $min, $max) {
    if(empty($list)) {
      print_r(range($min, $max));
      return;
    }

    $l = $r = [];
    $pivot = array_pop($list);

    foreach($list as $number) {
      if($number < $pivot) {
        $l[] = $number;
      }
      else {
        $r[] = $number;
      }
    }

    if(count($l) == $pivot - $min - 1) {
      // only 1 missing number use difference of sums
      print array_sum(range($min, $pivot-1)) - array_sum($l) . "\n";
    }
    else if(count($l) < $pivot - $min) {
      // more than 1 missing number, recurse
      findMissing($l, $min, $pivot-1);
    }

    if(count($r) == $max - $pivot - 1) {
      // only 1 missing number use difference of sums
      print array_sum(range($pivot + 1, $max)) - array_sum($r) . "\n";
    } else if(count($r) < $max - $pivot) {
      // mroe than 1 missing number recurse
      findMissing($r, $pivot+1, $max);
    }
  }

Demo