我不知道这是否有效，但我想建议这个解决方案。

计算这100个元素的xor 计算98个元素的xor(在2个元素被移除之后) 现在(1的结果)XOR(2的结果)给你两个缺失的no的XOR，如果a和b是缺失的元素 4.用常用的求和公式diff得到缺失的no的和，我们设diff是d。

现在运行一个循环，得到可能的对(p,q)，它们都位于[1,100]，和为d。

当获得一对时，检查(3的结果)是否XOR p = q 如果是，我们就完成了。

如果我错了，请纠正我，如果这是正确的，也请评论时间复杂性

我不知道这是否有效，但我想建议这个解决方案。

计算这100个元素的xor 计算98个元素的xor(在2个元素被移除之后) 现在(1的结果)XOR(2的结果)给你两个缺失的no的XOR，如果a和b是缺失的元素 4.用常用的求和公式diff得到缺失的no的和，我们设diff是d。

现在运行一个循环，得到可能的对(p,q)，它们都位于[1,100]，和为d。

当获得一对时，检查(3的结果)是否XOR p = q 如果是，我们就完成了。

如果我错了，请纠正我，如果这是正确的，也请评论时间复杂性

我使用Java 8和Java 8之前的版本编写代码。 它使用一个公式:(N*(N+1))/2作为所有数字的和。

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

   /**
 * 
 * 
 * @author pradeep
 * 
 *         Answer : SumOfAllNumbers-SumOfPresentNumbers=Missing Number;
 * 
 *         To GET SumOfAllNumbers : Get the highest number (N) by checking the
 *         length. and use the formula (N*(N+1))/2
 * 
 *         To GET SumOfPresentNumbers: iterate and add it
 * 
 * 
 */
public class FindMissingNumber {
    /**
     * Before Java 8
     * 
     * @param numbers
     * @return
     */
    public static int missingNumber(List<Integer> numbers) {
        int sumOfPresentNumbers = 0;
        for (Integer integer : numbers) {
            sumOfPresentNumbers = sumOfPresentNumbers + integer;
        }
        int n = numbers.size();
        int sumOfAllNumbers = (n * (n + 1)) / 2;
        return sumOfAllNumbers - sumOfPresentNumbers;
    }
    /**
     * Using Java 8 . mapToInt & sum using streams.
     * 
     * @param numbers
     * @return
     */
    public static int missingNumberJava8(List<Integer> numbers) {
        int sumOfPresentNumbers = numbers.stream().mapToInt(i -> i).sum();
        int n = numbers.size();
        int sumOfAllNumbers = (n * (n + 1)) / 2;
        return sumOfAllNumbers - sumOfPresentNumbers;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list = Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2, 4);
        System.out.println("Missing number is :  " + missingNumber(list));
        System.out.println("Missing number using Java 8 is : " + missingNumberJava8(list));
    }
}*

试着找出从1到50的数的乘积:

令product, P1 = 1 × 2 × 3 × .............50

当你一个一个地把数提出来，把它们相乘，就得到乘积P2。但是这里少了两个数字，因此P2 < P1。

这两项的乘积，a x b = P1 - P2。

你已经知道这个和了，a + b = S1。

由上述两个方程，用二次方程求解a和b。A和b是你缺失的数。

正如@j_random_hacker所指出的，这与在O(n)个时间和O(1)个空间中寻找重复项非常相似，我的答案在这里也适用。

假设“袋子”由一个大小为N - k的基于1的数组a[]表示，我们可以在O(N)个时间和O(k)个额外空间内求解Qk。

首先，我们将数组A[]扩展k个元素，使它现在的大小为n，这是O(k)个额外空间。然后我们运行以下伪代码算法:

for i := n - k + 1 to n
    A[i] := A[1]
end for

for i := 1 to n - k
    while A[A[i]] != A[i] 
        swap(A[i], A[A[i]])
    end while
end for

for i := 1 to n
    if A[i] != i then 
        print i
    end if
end for

第一个循环初始化k个额外的条目，使其与数组中的第一个条目相同(这只是我们知道数组中已经存在的一个方便的值——在这一步之后，大小为N-k的初始数组中缺失的任何条目在扩展数组中仍然缺失)。

第二个循环排列扩展数组，如果元素x至少出现一次，那么其中一个元素将位于位置A[x]。

注意，尽管它有一个嵌套循环，但它仍然在O(N)时间内运行——只有当有一个i使a [i] != i时才会发生交换，并且每次交换设置至少一个元素使a [i] == i，而以前不是这样的。这意味着交换的总数(因此while循环体的执行总数)最多为N-1。

第三个循环打印数组i中没有被值i占用的索引——这意味着i一定是缺失的。

这是一个解决方案，它不依赖于复杂的数学，如sdcvvc /Dimitris Andreou的答案，不像caf和Colonel Panic那样改变输入数组，也不像Chris Lercher, JeremyP和许多其他人那样使用巨大的bitset。基本上，我从Svalorzen /Gilad Deutch关于Q2的想法开始，将其推广到常见情况Qk，并在Java中实现，以证明算法是有效的。

这个想法

假设我们有一个任意区间I其中我们只知道它包含至少一个缺失的数。在一次遍历输入数组后，只查看来自I的数字，我们可以获得I中缺失数字的S和Q。我们通过每次遇到来自I的数字时简单地减去I的长度(以获得Q)，并通过每次将I中所有数字的预计算总和减去遇到的数字(以获得S)来实现这一点。

Now we look at S and Q. If Q = 1, it means that then I contains only one of the missing numbers, and this number is clearly S. We mark I as finished (it is called "unambiguous" in the program) and leave it out from further consideration. On the other hand, if Q > 1, we can calculate the average A = S / Q of missing numbers contained in I. As all numbers are distinct, at least one of such numbers is strictly less than A and at least one is strictly greater than A. Now we split I in A into two smaller intervals each of which contains at least one missing number. Note that it doesn't matter to which of the intervals we assign A in case it is an integer.

We make the next array pass calculating S and Q for each of the intervals separately (but in the same pass) and after that mark intervals with Q = 1 and split intervals with Q > 1. We continue this process until there are no new "ambiguous" intervals, i.e. we have nothing to split because each interval contains exactly one missing number (and we always know this number because we know S). We start out from the sole "whole range" interval containing all possible numbers (like [1..N] in the question).

时空复杂性分析

在过程停止之前，我们需要通过的总次数p永远不会大于缺失数k。不等式p <= k可以被严格证明。另一方面，也有一个经验上限p < log2N + 3，这对于k的大值是有用的。我们需要对输入数组的每个数字进行二进制搜索，以确定它所属的区间。这给时间复杂度增加了log k乘数。

总的来说，时间复杂度为O(N᛫min(k, log N)᛫log k).注意，对于较大的k，这明显优于sdcvvc/Dimitris Andreou的方法，即O(N᛫k)。

对于它的工作，该算法需要O(k)个额外的空间来存储最多k个间隔，这明显优于“bitset”解决方案中的O(N)。

Java实现

下面是一个实现上述算法的Java类。它总是返回一个由缺失数字组成的有序数组。除此之外，它不需要缺少的数字计算k，因为它在第一次传递中计算k。整个数字范围由minNumber和maxNumber参数给出(例如，问题中的第一个例子是1和100)。

public class MissingNumbers {
    private static class Interval {
        boolean ambiguous = true;
        final int begin;
        int quantity;
        long sum;

        Interval(int begin, int end) { // begin inclusive, end exclusive
            this.begin = begin;
            quantity = end - begin;
            sum = quantity * ((long)end - 1 + begin) / 2;
        }

        void exclude(int x) {
            quantity--;
            sum -= x;
        }
    }

    public static int[] find(int minNumber, int maxNumber, NumberBag inputBag) {
        Interval full = new Interval(minNumber, ++maxNumber);
        for (inputBag.startOver(); inputBag.hasNext();)
            full.exclude(inputBag.next());
        int missingCount = full.quantity;
        if (missingCount == 0)
            return new int[0];
        Interval[] intervals = new Interval[missingCount];
        intervals[0] = full;
        int[] dividers = new int[missingCount];
        dividers[0] = minNumber;
        int intervalCount = 1;
        while (true) {
            int oldCount = intervalCount;
            for (int i = 0; i < oldCount; i++) {
                Interval itv = intervals[i];
                if (itv.ambiguous)
                    if (itv.quantity == 1) // number inside itv uniquely identified
                        itv.ambiguous = false;
                    else
                        intervalCount++; // itv will be split into two intervals
            }
            if (oldCount == intervalCount)
                break;
            int newIndex = intervalCount - 1;
            int end = maxNumber;
            for (int oldIndex = oldCount - 1; oldIndex >= 0; oldIndex--) {
                // newIndex always >= oldIndex
                Interval itv = intervals[oldIndex];
                int begin = itv.begin;
                if (itv.ambiguous) {
                    // split interval itv
                    // use floorDiv instead of / because input numbers can be negative
                    int mean = (int)Math.floorDiv(itv.sum, itv.quantity) + 1;
                    intervals[newIndex--] = new Interval(mean, end);
                    intervals[newIndex--] = new Interval(begin, mean);
                } else
                    intervals[newIndex--] = itv;
                end = begin;
            }
            for (int i = 0; i < intervalCount; i++)
                dividers[i] = intervals[i].begin;
            for (inputBag.startOver(); inputBag.hasNext();) {
                int x = inputBag.next();
                // find the interval to which x belongs
                int i = java.util.Arrays.binarySearch(dividers, 0, intervalCount, x);
                if (i < 0)
                    i = -i - 2;
                Interval itv = intervals[i];
                if (itv.ambiguous)
                    itv.exclude(x);
            }
        }
        assert intervalCount == missingCount;
        for (int i = 0; i < intervalCount; i++)
            dividers[i] = (int)intervals[i].sum;
        return dividers;
    }
}

For fairness, this class receives input in form of NumberBag objects. NumberBag doesn't allow array modification and random access and also counts how many times the array was requested for sequential traversing. It is also more suitable for large array testing than Iterable<Integer> because it avoids boxing of primitive int values and allows wrapping a part of a large int[] for a convenient test preparation. It is not hard to replace, if desired, NumberBag by int[] or Iterable<Integer> type in the find signature, by changing two for-loops in it into foreach ones.

import java.util.*;

public abstract class NumberBag {
    private int passCount;

    public void startOver() {
        passCount++;
    }

    public final int getPassCount() {
        return passCount;
    }

    public abstract boolean hasNext();

    public abstract int next();

    // A lightweight version of Iterable<Integer> to avoid boxing of int
    public static NumberBag fromArray(int[] base, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        return new NumberBag() {
            int index = toIndex;

            public void startOver() {
                super.startOver();
                index = fromIndex;
            }

            public boolean hasNext() {
                return index < toIndex;
            }

            public int next() {
                if (index >= toIndex)
                    throw new NoSuchElementException();
                return base[index++];
            }
        };
    }

    public static NumberBag fromArray(int[] base) {
        return fromArray(base, 0, base.length);
    }

    public static NumberBag fromIterable(Iterable<Integer> base) {
        return new NumberBag() {
            Iterator<Integer> it;

            public void startOver() {
                super.startOver();
                it = base.iterator();
            }

            public boolean hasNext() {
                return it.hasNext();
            }

            public int next() {
                return it.next();
            }
        };
    }
}

测试

下面给出了演示这些类用法的简单示例。

import java.util.*;

public class SimpleTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] input = { 7, 1, 4, 9, 6, 2 };
        NumberBag bag = NumberBag.fromArray(input);
        int[] output = MissingNumbers.find(1, 10, bag);
        System.out.format("Input: %s%nMissing numbers: %s%nPass count: %d%n",
                Arrays.toString(input), Arrays.toString(output), bag.getPassCount());

        List<Integer> inputList = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            inputList.add(2 * i);
        Collections.shuffle(inputList);
        bag = NumberBag.fromIterable(inputList);
        output = MissingNumbers.find(0, 19, bag);
        System.out.format("%nInput: %s%nMissing numbers: %s%nPass count: %d%n",
                inputList, Arrays.toString(output), bag.getPassCount());

        // Sieve of Eratosthenes
        final int MAXN = 1_000;
        List<Integer> nonPrimes = new ArrayList<>();
        nonPrimes.add(1);
        int[] primes;
        int lastPrimeIndex = 0;
        while (true) {
            primes = MissingNumbers.find(1, MAXN, NumberBag.fromIterable(nonPrimes));
            int p = primes[lastPrimeIndex]; // guaranteed to be prime
            int q = p;
            for (int i = lastPrimeIndex++; i < primes.length; i++) {
                q = primes[i]; // not necessarily prime
                int pq = p * q;
                if (pq > MAXN)
                    break;
                nonPrimes.add(pq);
            }
            if (q == p)
                break;
        }
        System.out.format("%nSieve of Eratosthenes. %d primes up to %d found:%n",
                primes.length, MAXN);
        for (int i = 0; i < primes.length; i++)
            System.out.format(" %4d%s", primes[i], (i % 10) < 9 ? "" : "\n");
    }
}

大数组测试可以这样执行:

import java.util.*;

public class BatchTest {
    private static final Random rand = new Random();
    public static int MIN_NUMBER = 1;
    private final int minNumber = MIN_NUMBER;
    private final int numberCount;
    private final int[] numbers;
    private int missingCount;
    public long finderTime;

    public BatchTest(int numberCount) {
        this.numberCount = numberCount;
        numbers = new int[numberCount];
        for (int i = 0; i < numberCount; i++)
            numbers[i] = minNumber + i;
    }

    private int passBound() {
        int mBound = missingCount > 0 ? missingCount : 1;
        int nBound = 34 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(numberCount - 1); // ceil(log_2(numberCount)) + 2
        return Math.min(mBound, nBound);
    }

    private void error(String cause) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Error on '" + missingCount + " from " + numberCount + "' test, " + cause);
    }

    // returns the number of times the input array was traversed in this test
    public int makeTest(int missingCount) {
        this.missingCount = missingCount;
        // numbers array is reused when numberCount stays the same,
        // just Fisher–Yates shuffle it for each test
        for (int i = numberCount - 1; i > 0; i--) {
            int j = rand.nextInt(i + 1);
            if (i != j) {
                int t = numbers[i];
                numbers[i] = numbers[j];
                numbers[j] = t;
            }
        }
        final int bagSize = numberCount - missingCount;
        NumberBag inputBag = NumberBag.fromArray(numbers, 0, bagSize);
        finderTime -= System.nanoTime();
        int[] found = MissingNumbers.find(minNumber, minNumber + numberCount - 1, inputBag);
        finderTime += System.nanoTime();
        if (inputBag.getPassCount() > passBound())
            error("too many passes (" + inputBag.getPassCount() + " while only " + passBound() + " allowed)");
        if (found.length != missingCount)
            error("wrong result length");
        int j = bagSize; // "missing" part beginning in numbers
        Arrays.sort(numbers, bagSize, numberCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < missingCount; i++)
            if (found[i] != numbers[j++])
                error("wrong result array, " + i + "-th element differs");
        return inputBag.getPassCount();
    }

    public static void strideCheck(int numberCount, int minMissing, int maxMissing, int step, int repeats) {
        BatchTest t = new BatchTest(numberCount);
        System.out.println("╠═══════════════════════╬═════════════════╬═════════════════╣");
        for (int missingCount = minMissing; missingCount <= maxMissing; missingCount += step) {
            int minPass = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            int passSum = 0;
            int maxPass = 0;
            t.finderTime = 0;
            for (int j = 1; j <= repeats; j++) {
                int pCount = t.makeTest(missingCount);
                if (pCount < minPass)
                    minPass = pCount;
                passSum += pCount;
                if (pCount > maxPass)
                    maxPass = pCount;
            }
            System.out.format("║ %9d  %9d  ║  %2d  %5.2f  %2d  ║  %11.3f    ║%n", missingCount, numberCount, minPass,
                    (double)passSum / repeats, maxPass, t.finderTime * 1e-6 / repeats);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("╔═══════════════════════╦═════════════════╦═════════════════╗");
        System.out.println("║      Number count     ║      Passes     ║  Average time   ║");
        System.out.println("║   missimg     total   ║  min  avg   max ║ per search (ms) ║");
        long time = System.nanoTime();
        strideCheck(100, 0, 100, 1, 20_000);
        strideCheck(100_000, 2, 99_998, 1_282, 15);
        MIN_NUMBER = -2_000_000_000;
        strideCheck(300_000_000, 1, 10, 1, 1);
        time = System.nanoTime() - time;
        System.out.println("╚═══════════════════════╩═════════════════╩═════════════════╝");
        System.out.format("%nSuccess. Total time: %.2f s.%n", time * 1e-9);
    }
}

在Ideone上试试吧