还有一种方法是使用残差图滤波。

假设数字1到4少了3。二进制表示如下:

1 = 001b, 2 = 010b, 3 = 011b, 4 = 100b

我可以创建一个像下面这样的流程图。

                   1
             1 -------------> 1
             |                | 
      2      |     1          |
0 ---------> 1 ----------> 0  |
|                          |  |
|     1            1       |  |
0 ---------> 0 ----------> 0  |
             |                |
      1      |      1         |
1 ---------> 0 -------------> 1

注意，流图包含x个节点，而x是比特数。最大边数是(2*x)-2。

因此，对于32位整数，它将占用O(32)空间或O(1)空间。

现在如果我从1,2,4开始移除每个数的容量那么我就剩下了一个残差图。

0 ----------> 1 ---------> 1

最后我将像下面这样运行一个循环，

 result = []
 for x in range(1,n):
     exists_path_in_residual_graph(x)
     result.append(x)

现在的结果是结果中包含的数字也没有缺失(假阳性)。但是当有k个缺失元素时，k <=(结果的大小)<= n。

我将最后一次检查给定的列表，以标记缺少或没有的结果。

所以时间复杂度是O(n)

最后，可以通过选取节点00、01、11、10而不是0和1来减少误报的数量(以及所需的空间)。

您可以使用二分搜索来查找缺失(或连续)数字的间隔。运行时间应该是(num间隔)* log(平均间隔长度)* n。如果间隔不多，则很有用。

我相信我有一个O(k)时间和O(log(k)空间算法，前提是你有任意大整数的下限(x)和log2(x)函数:

你有一个k位的长整数(因此是log8(k)空间)，其中你加上x^2，其中x是你在袋子里找到的下一个数字:s=1^2+2^2+…这需要O(N)时间(这对面试官来说不是问题)。最后得到j= (log2(s))这是你要找的最大的数。然后s=s-j，重复上面的步骤:

for (i = 0 ; i < k ; i++)
{
  j = floor(log2(s));
  missing[i] = j;
  s -= j;
}

现在，对于2756位的整数，通常没有floor和log2函数，而是用于double。所以呢?简单地说，对于每2个字节(或1、3、4)，您可以使用这些函数来获得所需的数字，但这增加了O(N)因素的时间复杂度

一个可能的解决方案:

public class MissingNumber {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 0-20
        int [] a = {1,4,3,6,7,9,8,11,10,12,15,18,14};
        printMissingNumbers(a,20);
    }

    public static void printMissingNumbers(int [] a, int upperLimit){
        int b [] = new int[upperLimit];
        for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++){
            b[a[i]] = 1;
        }
        for(int k = 0; k < upperLimit; k++){
            if(b[k] == 0)
                System.out.println(k);
        }
    }
}

你可以通过阅读Muthukrishnan的几页-数据流算法:谜题1:寻找缺失的数字来找到它。它准确地显示了您正在寻找的泛化。也许这就是面试官读到的内容，也是他提出这些问题的原因。

还请参阅sdcvvc的直接相关答案，其中还包括伪代码(万岁!没有必要阅读那些棘手的数学公式:)(谢谢，干得好!)

这是一个解决方案，它不依赖于复杂的数学，如sdcvvc /Dimitris Andreou的答案，不像caf和Colonel Panic那样改变输入数组，也不像Chris Lercher, JeremyP和许多其他人那样使用巨大的bitset。基本上，我从Svalorzen /Gilad Deutch关于Q2的想法开始，将其推广到常见情况Qk，并在Java中实现，以证明算法是有效的。

这个想法

假设我们有一个任意区间I其中我们只知道它包含至少一个缺失的数。在一次遍历输入数组后，只查看来自I的数字，我们可以获得I中缺失数字的S和Q。我们通过每次遇到来自I的数字时简单地减去I的长度(以获得Q)，并通过每次将I中所有数字的预计算总和减去遇到的数字(以获得S)来实现这一点。

Now we look at S and Q. If Q = 1, it means that then I contains only one of the missing numbers, and this number is clearly S. We mark I as finished (it is called "unambiguous" in the program) and leave it out from further consideration. On the other hand, if Q > 1, we can calculate the average A = S / Q of missing numbers contained in I. As all numbers are distinct, at least one of such numbers is strictly less than A and at least one is strictly greater than A. Now we split I in A into two smaller intervals each of which contains at least one missing number. Note that it doesn't matter to which of the intervals we assign A in case it is an integer.

We make the next array pass calculating S and Q for each of the intervals separately (but in the same pass) and after that mark intervals with Q = 1 and split intervals with Q > 1. We continue this process until there are no new "ambiguous" intervals, i.e. we have nothing to split because each interval contains exactly one missing number (and we always know this number because we know S). We start out from the sole "whole range" interval containing all possible numbers (like [1..N] in the question).

时空复杂性分析

在过程停止之前，我们需要通过的总次数p永远不会大于缺失数k。不等式p <= k可以被严格证明。另一方面，也有一个经验上限p < log2N + 3，这对于k的大值是有用的。我们需要对输入数组的每个数字进行二进制搜索，以确定它所属的区间。这给时间复杂度增加了log k乘数。

总的来说，时间复杂度为O(N᛫min(k, log N)᛫log k).注意，对于较大的k，这明显优于sdcvvc/Dimitris Andreou的方法，即O(N᛫k)。

对于它的工作，该算法需要O(k)个额外的空间来存储最多k个间隔，这明显优于“bitset”解决方案中的O(N)。

Java实现

下面是一个实现上述算法的Java类。它总是返回一个由缺失数字组成的有序数组。除此之外，它不需要缺少的数字计算k，因为它在第一次传递中计算k。整个数字范围由minNumber和maxNumber参数给出(例如，问题中的第一个例子是1和100)。

public class MissingNumbers {
    private static class Interval {
        boolean ambiguous = true;
        final int begin;
        int quantity;
        long sum;

        Interval(int begin, int end) { // begin inclusive, end exclusive
            this.begin = begin;
            quantity = end - begin;
            sum = quantity * ((long)end - 1 + begin) / 2;
        }

        void exclude(int x) {
            quantity--;
            sum -= x;
        }
    }

    public static int[] find(int minNumber, int maxNumber, NumberBag inputBag) {
        Interval full = new Interval(minNumber, ++maxNumber);
        for (inputBag.startOver(); inputBag.hasNext();)
            full.exclude(inputBag.next());
        int missingCount = full.quantity;
        if (missingCount == 0)
            return new int[0];
        Interval[] intervals = new Interval[missingCount];
        intervals[0] = full;
        int[] dividers = new int[missingCount];
        dividers[0] = minNumber;
        int intervalCount = 1;
        while (true) {
            int oldCount = intervalCount;
            for (int i = 0; i < oldCount; i++) {
                Interval itv = intervals[i];
                if (itv.ambiguous)
                    if (itv.quantity == 1) // number inside itv uniquely identified
                        itv.ambiguous = false;
                    else
                        intervalCount++; // itv will be split into two intervals
            }
            if (oldCount == intervalCount)
                break;
            int newIndex = intervalCount - 1;
            int end = maxNumber;
            for (int oldIndex = oldCount - 1; oldIndex >= 0; oldIndex--) {
                // newIndex always >= oldIndex
                Interval itv = intervals[oldIndex];
                int begin = itv.begin;
                if (itv.ambiguous) {
                    // split interval itv
                    // use floorDiv instead of / because input numbers can be negative
                    int mean = (int)Math.floorDiv(itv.sum, itv.quantity) + 1;
                    intervals[newIndex--] = new Interval(mean, end);
                    intervals[newIndex--] = new Interval(begin, mean);
                } else
                    intervals[newIndex--] = itv;
                end = begin;
            }
            for (int i = 0; i < intervalCount; i++)
                dividers[i] = intervals[i].begin;
            for (inputBag.startOver(); inputBag.hasNext();) {
                int x = inputBag.next();
                // find the interval to which x belongs
                int i = java.util.Arrays.binarySearch(dividers, 0, intervalCount, x);
                if (i < 0)
                    i = -i - 2;
                Interval itv = intervals[i];
                if (itv.ambiguous)
                    itv.exclude(x);
            }
        }
        assert intervalCount == missingCount;
        for (int i = 0; i < intervalCount; i++)
            dividers[i] = (int)intervals[i].sum;
        return dividers;
    }
}

For fairness, this class receives input in form of NumberBag objects. NumberBag doesn't allow array modification and random access and also counts how many times the array was requested for sequential traversing. It is also more suitable for large array testing than Iterable<Integer> because it avoids boxing of primitive int values and allows wrapping a part of a large int[] for a convenient test preparation. It is not hard to replace, if desired, NumberBag by int[] or Iterable<Integer> type in the find signature, by changing two for-loops in it into foreach ones.

import java.util.*;

public abstract class NumberBag {
    private int passCount;

    public void startOver() {
        passCount++;
    }

    public final int getPassCount() {
        return passCount;
    }

    public abstract boolean hasNext();

    public abstract int next();

    // A lightweight version of Iterable<Integer> to avoid boxing of int
    public static NumberBag fromArray(int[] base, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        return new NumberBag() {
            int index = toIndex;

            public void startOver() {
                super.startOver();
                index = fromIndex;
            }

            public boolean hasNext() {
                return index < toIndex;
            }

            public int next() {
                if (index >= toIndex)
                    throw new NoSuchElementException();
                return base[index++];
            }
        };
    }

    public static NumberBag fromArray(int[] base) {
        return fromArray(base, 0, base.length);
    }

    public static NumberBag fromIterable(Iterable<Integer> base) {
        return new NumberBag() {
            Iterator<Integer> it;

            public void startOver() {
                super.startOver();
                it = base.iterator();
            }

            public boolean hasNext() {
                return it.hasNext();
            }

            public int next() {
                return it.next();
            }
        };
    }
}

测试

下面给出了演示这些类用法的简单示例。

import java.util.*;

public class SimpleTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] input = { 7, 1, 4, 9, 6, 2 };
        NumberBag bag = NumberBag.fromArray(input);
        int[] output = MissingNumbers.find(1, 10, bag);
        System.out.format("Input: %s%nMissing numbers: %s%nPass count: %d%n",
                Arrays.toString(input), Arrays.toString(output), bag.getPassCount());

        List<Integer> inputList = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            inputList.add(2 * i);
        Collections.shuffle(inputList);
        bag = NumberBag.fromIterable(inputList);
        output = MissingNumbers.find(0, 19, bag);
        System.out.format("%nInput: %s%nMissing numbers: %s%nPass count: %d%n",
                inputList, Arrays.toString(output), bag.getPassCount());

        // Sieve of Eratosthenes
        final int MAXN = 1_000;
        List<Integer> nonPrimes = new ArrayList<>();
        nonPrimes.add(1);
        int[] primes;
        int lastPrimeIndex = 0;
        while (true) {
            primes = MissingNumbers.find(1, MAXN, NumberBag.fromIterable(nonPrimes));
            int p = primes[lastPrimeIndex]; // guaranteed to be prime
            int q = p;
            for (int i = lastPrimeIndex++; i < primes.length; i++) {
                q = primes[i]; // not necessarily prime
                int pq = p * q;
                if (pq > MAXN)
                    break;
                nonPrimes.add(pq);
            }
            if (q == p)
                break;
        }
        System.out.format("%nSieve of Eratosthenes. %d primes up to %d found:%n",
                primes.length, MAXN);
        for (int i = 0; i < primes.length; i++)
            System.out.format(" %4d%s", primes[i], (i % 10) < 9 ? "" : "\n");
    }
}

大数组测试可以这样执行:

import java.util.*;

public class BatchTest {
    private static final Random rand = new Random();
    public static int MIN_NUMBER = 1;
    private final int minNumber = MIN_NUMBER;
    private final int numberCount;
    private final int[] numbers;
    private int missingCount;
    public long finderTime;

    public BatchTest(int numberCount) {
        this.numberCount = numberCount;
        numbers = new int[numberCount];
        for (int i = 0; i < numberCount; i++)
            numbers[i] = minNumber + i;
    }

    private int passBound() {
        int mBound = missingCount > 0 ? missingCount : 1;
        int nBound = 34 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(numberCount - 1); // ceil(log_2(numberCount)) + 2
        return Math.min(mBound, nBound);
    }

    private void error(String cause) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Error on '" + missingCount + " from " + numberCount + "' test, " + cause);
    }

    // returns the number of times the input array was traversed in this test
    public int makeTest(int missingCount) {
        this.missingCount = missingCount;
        // numbers array is reused when numberCount stays the same,
        // just Fisher–Yates shuffle it for each test
        for (int i = numberCount - 1; i > 0; i--) {
            int j = rand.nextInt(i + 1);
            if (i != j) {
                int t = numbers[i];
                numbers[i] = numbers[j];
                numbers[j] = t;
            }
        }
        final int bagSize = numberCount - missingCount;
        NumberBag inputBag = NumberBag.fromArray(numbers, 0, bagSize);
        finderTime -= System.nanoTime();
        int[] found = MissingNumbers.find(minNumber, minNumber + numberCount - 1, inputBag);
        finderTime += System.nanoTime();
        if (inputBag.getPassCount() > passBound())
            error("too many passes (" + inputBag.getPassCount() + " while only " + passBound() + " allowed)");
        if (found.length != missingCount)
            error("wrong result length");
        int j = bagSize; // "missing" part beginning in numbers
        Arrays.sort(numbers, bagSize, numberCount);
        for (int i = 0; i < missingCount; i++)
            if (found[i] != numbers[j++])
                error("wrong result array, " + i + "-th element differs");
        return inputBag.getPassCount();
    }

    public static void strideCheck(int numberCount, int minMissing, int maxMissing, int step, int repeats) {
        BatchTest t = new BatchTest(numberCount);
        System.out.println("╠═══════════════════════╬═════════════════╬═════════════════╣");
        for (int missingCount = minMissing; missingCount <= maxMissing; missingCount += step) {
            int minPass = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            int passSum = 0;
            int maxPass = 0;
            t.finderTime = 0;
            for (int j = 1; j <= repeats; j++) {
                int pCount = t.makeTest(missingCount);
                if (pCount < minPass)
                    minPass = pCount;
                passSum += pCount;
                if (pCount > maxPass)
                    maxPass = pCount;
            }
            System.out.format("║ %9d  %9d  ║  %2d  %5.2f  %2d  ║  %11.3f    ║%n", missingCount, numberCount, minPass,
                    (double)passSum / repeats, maxPass, t.finderTime * 1e-6 / repeats);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("╔═══════════════════════╦═════════════════╦═════════════════╗");
        System.out.println("║      Number count     ║      Passes     ║  Average time   ║");
        System.out.println("║   missimg     total   ║  min  avg   max ║ per search (ms) ║");
        long time = System.nanoTime();
        strideCheck(100, 0, 100, 1, 20_000);
        strideCheck(100_000, 2, 99_998, 1_282, 15);
        MIN_NUMBER = -2_000_000_000;
        strideCheck(300_000_000, 1, 10, 1, 1);
        time = System.nanoTime() - time;
        System.out.println("╚═══════════════════════╩═════════════════╩═════════════════╝");
        System.out.format("%nSuccess. Total time: %.2f s.%n", time * 1e-9);
    }
}

在Ideone上试试吧