我试图使用时间()来测量我的程序的各个点。
我不明白的是为什么前后的值是一样的?我知道这不是分析我的程序的最佳方式，我只是想看看需要多长时间。
printf("**MyProgram::before time= %ld\n", time(NULL));
doSomthing();
doSomthingLong();
printf("**MyProgram::after time= %ld\n", time(NULL));
我试过:
struct timeval diff, startTV, endTV;
gettimeofday(&startTV, NULL);
doSomething();
doSomethingLong();
gettimeofday(&endTV, NULL);
timersub(&endTV, &startTV, &diff);
printf("**time taken = %ld %ld\n", diff.tv_sec, diff.tv_usec);
我如何读取**时间花费= 0 26339的结果?这是否意味着26339纳秒= 26.3毫秒?
**时间= 4 45025，这是否意味着4秒25毫秒?
c++ std::chrono具有跨平台的明显优势。
然而，与POSIX clock_gettime()相比，它也引入了显著的开销。
在我的Linux机器上，所有std::chrono::xxx_clock::now()味道的执行大致相同:
std::chrono::system_clock::now()
std::chrono::steady_clock::now()
std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now()
虽然POSIX clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC， &time)应该与steady_clock::now()相同，但它要快x3倍以上!
这是我的测试，为了完整性。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <chrono>
#include <ctime>
void print_timediff(const char* prefix, const struct timespec& start, const
struct timespec& end)
{
double milliseconds = end.tv_nsec >= start.tv_nsec
? (end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec) / 1e6 + (end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec) * 1e3
: (start.tv_nsec - end.tv_nsec) / 1e6 + (end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec - 1) * 1e3;
printf("%s: %lf milliseconds\n", prefix, milliseconds);
}
int main()
{
int i, n = 1000000;
struct timespec start, end;
// Test stopwatch
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
struct timespec dummy;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &dummy);
}
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &end);
print_timediff("clock_gettime", start, end);
// Test chrono system_clock
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
auto dummy = std::chrono::system_clock::now();
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &end);
print_timediff("chrono::system_clock::now", start, end);
// Test chrono steady_clock
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
auto dummy = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &end);
print_timediff("chrono::steady_clock::now", start, end);
// Test chrono high_resolution_clock
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start);
for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
auto dummy = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &end);
print_timediff("chrono::high_resolution_clock::now", start, end);
return 0;
}
这是我用gcc7.2 -O3编译时得到的输出:
clock_gettime: 24.484926 milliseconds
chrono::system_clock::now: 85.142108 milliseconds
chrono::steady_clock::now: 87.295347 milliseconds
chrono::high_resolution_clock::now: 84.437838 milliseconds
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <sys/time.h>
using namespace std;
using namespace std::chrono;
void f1()
{
high_resolution_clock::time_point t1 = high_resolution_clock::now();
high_resolution_clock::time_point t2 = high_resolution_clock::now();
double dif = duration_cast<nanoseconds>( t2 - t1 ).count();
printf ("Elasped time is %lf nanoseconds.\n", dif );
}
void f2()
{
timespec ts1,ts2;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts1);
clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts2);
double dif = double( ts2.tv_nsec - ts1.tv_nsec );
printf ("Elasped time is %lf nanoseconds.\n", dif );
}
void f3()
{
struct timeval t1,t0;
gettimeofday(&t0, 0);
gettimeofday(&t1, 0);
double dif = double( (t1.tv_usec-t0.tv_usec)*1000);
printf ("Elasped time is %lf nanoseconds.\n", dif );
}
void f4()
{
high_resolution_clock::time_point t1 , t2;
double diff = 0;
t1 = high_resolution_clock::now() ;
for(int i = 1; i <= 10 ; i++)
{
t2 = high_resolution_clock::now() ;
diff+= duration_cast<nanoseconds>( t2 - t1 ).count();
t1 = t2;
}
printf ("high_resolution_clock:: Elasped time is %lf nanoseconds.\n", diff/10 );
}
void f5()
{
timespec ts1,ts2;
double diff = 0;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts1);
for(int i = 1; i <= 10 ; i++)
{
clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &ts2);
diff+= double( ts2.tv_nsec - ts1.tv_nsec );
ts1 = ts2;
}
printf ("clock_gettime:: Elasped time is %lf nanoseconds.\n", diff/10 );
}
void f6()
{
struct timeval t1,t2;
double diff = 0;
gettimeofday(&t1, 0);
for(int i = 1; i <= 10 ; i++)
{
gettimeofday(&t2, 0);
diff+= double( (t2.tv_usec-t1.tv_usec)*1000);
t1 = t2;
}
printf ("gettimeofday:: Elasped time is %lf nanoseconds.\n", diff/10 );
}
int main()
{
// f1();
// f2();
// f3();
f6();
f4();
f5();
return 0;
}
我需要测量库中各个函数的执行时间。我不希望每个函数的每次调用都用一个时间度量函数来包装，因为这样做很难看，而且会加深调用堆栈。我也不想把定时器代码放在每个函数的顶部和底部，因为当函数可能提前退出或抛出异常时，这会造成混乱。所以我最终做了一个计时器，用它自己的生命周期来测量时间。
通过这种方式，我可以测量一个代码块的wallall时间，方法是在有问题的代码块(函数或任何作用域)的开头实例化这些对象之一，然后允许实例析构函数测量实例超出作用域时自构造以来所花费的时间。你可以在这里找到完整的例子，但结构体非常简单:
template <typename clock_t = std::chrono::steady_clock>
struct scoped_timer {
using duration_t = typename clock_t::duration;
const std::function<void(const duration_t&)> callback;
const std::chrono::time_point<clock_t> start;
scoped_timer(const std::function<void(const duration_t&)>& finished_callback) :
callback(finished_callback), start(clock_t::now()) { }
scoped_timer(std::function<void(const duration_t&)>&& finished_callback) :
callback(finished_callback), start(clock_t::now()) { }
~scoped_timer() { callback(clock_t::now() - start); }
};
当函数超出作用域时，该结构体将回调所提供的函数，这样您就可以对计时信息做一些事情(打印它或存储它或其他什么)。如果你需要做一些更复杂的事情，你甚至可以使用std::bind和std::占位符来回调函数。
下面是一个快速使用它的例子:
void test(bool should_throw) {
scoped_timer<> t([](const scoped_timer<>::duration_t& elapsed) {
auto e = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>>(elapsed).count();
std::cout << "took " << e << "ms" << std::endl;
});
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
if (should_throw)
throw nullptr;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
如果您希望更加谨慎，还可以使用new和delete显式地启动和停止计时器，而不依赖于作用域。
