我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
当前回答
以下是我认为有价值的方法:
允许>和<基于枚举中的顺序进行比较,而不是词法顺序 可以地址项目的名称,属性或索引:x.a, x['a']或x[0] 支持[:]或[-1]等切片操作
最重要的是防止不同类型的枚举之间的比较!
基于http://code.activestate.com/recipes/413486-first-class-enums-in-python。
这里包含了许多文档测试,以说明这种方法的不同之处。
def enum(*names):
"""
SYNOPSIS
Well-behaved enumerated type, easier than creating custom classes
DESCRIPTION
Create a custom type that implements an enumeration. Similar in concept
to a C enum but with some additional capabilities and protections. See
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/413486-first-class-enums-in-python/.
PARAMETERS
names Ordered list of names. The order in which names are given
will be the sort order in the enum type. Duplicate names
are not allowed. Unicode names are mapped to ASCII.
RETURNS
Object of type enum, with the input names and the enumerated values.
EXAMPLES
>>> letters = enum('a','e','i','o','u','b','c','y','z')
>>> letters.a < letters.e
True
## index by property
>>> letters.a
a
## index by position
>>> letters[0]
a
## index by name, helpful for bridging string inputs to enum
>>> letters['a']
a
## sorting by order in the enum() create, not character value
>>> letters.u < letters.b
True
## normal slicing operations available
>>> letters[-1]
z
## error since there are not 100 items in enum
>>> letters[99]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: tuple index out of range
## error since name does not exist in enum
>>> letters['ggg']
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
## enums must be named using valid Python identifiers
>>> numbers = enum(1,2,3,4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Enum values must be string or unicode
>>> a = enum('-a','-b')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Error when calling the metaclass bases
__slots__ must be identifiers
## create another enum
>>> tags = enum('a','b','c')
>>> tags.a
a
>>> letters.a
a
## can't compare values from different enums
>>> letters.a == tags.a
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Only values from the same enum are comparable
>>> letters.a < tags.a
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Only values from the same enum are comparable
## can't update enum after create
>>> letters.a = 'x'
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: 'EnumClass' object attribute 'a' is read-only
## can't update enum after create
>>> del letters.u
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AttributeError: 'EnumClass' object attribute 'u' is read-only
## can't have non-unique enum values
>>> x = enum('a','b','c','a')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Enums must not repeat values
## can't have zero enum values
>>> x = enum()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Empty enums are not supported
## can't have enum values that look like special function names
## since these could collide and lead to non-obvious errors
>>> x = enum('a','b','c','__cmp__')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Enum values beginning with __ are not supported
LIMITATIONS
Enum values of unicode type are not preserved, mapped to ASCII instead.
"""
## must have at least one enum value
assert names, 'Empty enums are not supported'
## enum values must be strings
assert len([i for i in names if not isinstance(i, types.StringTypes) and not \
isinstance(i, unicode)]) == 0, 'Enum values must be string or unicode'
## enum values must not collide with special function names
assert len([i for i in names if i.startswith("__")]) == 0,\
'Enum values beginning with __ are not supported'
## each enum value must be unique from all others
assert names == uniquify(names), 'Enums must not repeat values'
class EnumClass(object):
""" See parent function for explanation """
__slots__ = names
def __iter__(self):
return iter(constants)
def __len__(self):
return len(constants)
def __getitem__(self, i):
## this makes xx['name'] possible
if isinstance(i, types.StringTypes):
i = names.index(i)
## handles the more normal xx[0]
return constants[i]
def __repr__(self):
return 'enum' + str(names)
def __str__(self):
return 'enum ' + str(constants)
def index(self, i):
return names.index(i)
class EnumValue(object):
""" See parent function for explanation """
__slots__ = ('__value')
def __init__(self, value):
self.__value = value
value = property(lambda self: self.__value)
enumtype = property(lambda self: enumtype)
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.__value)
def __cmp__(self, other):
assert self.enumtype is other.enumtype, 'Only values from the same enum are comparable'
return cmp(self.value, other.value)
def __invert__(self):
return constants[maximum - self.value]
def __nonzero__(self):
## return bool(self.value)
## Original code led to bool(x[0])==False, not correct
return True
def __repr__(self):
return str(names[self.value])
maximum = len(names) - 1
constants = [None] * len(names)
for i, each in enumerate(names):
val = EnumValue(i)
setattr(EnumClass, each, val)
constants[i] = val
constants = tuple(constants)
enumtype = EnumClass()
return enumtype
其他回答
这个解决方案是获取定义为列表的枚举类的简单方法(没有更多烦人的整数赋值):
enumeration.py:
import new
def create(class_name, names):
return new.classobj(
class_name, (object,), dict((y, x) for x, y in enumerate(names))
)
example.py:
import enumeration
Colors = enumeration.create('Colors', (
'red',
'orange',
'yellow',
'green',
'blue',
'violet',
))
Alec Thomas简洁回答的一个变体(支持获取枚举值的名称):
class EnumBase(type):
def __init__(self, name, base, fields):
super(EnumBase, self).__init__(name, base, fields)
self.__mapping = dict((v, k) for k, v in fields.iteritems())
def __getitem__(self, val):
return self.__mapping[val]
def enum(*seq, **named):
enums = dict(zip(seq, range(len(seq))), **named)
return EnumBase('Enum', (), enums)
Numbers = enum(ONE=1, TWO=2, THREE='three')
print Numbers.TWO
print Numbers[Numbers.ONE]
print Numbers[2]
print Numbers['three']
这是我在这里找到的一个很好的Python食谱:http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577024-yet-another-enum-for-python/
def enum(typename, field_names):
"Create a new enumeration type"
if isinstance(field_names, str):
field_names = field_names.replace(',', ' ').split()
d = dict((reversed(nv) for nv in enumerate(field_names)), __slots__ = ())
return type(typename, (object,), d)()
使用示例:
STATE = enum('STATE', 'GET_QUIZ, GET_VERSE, TEACH')
更多细节可以在食谱页面上找到。
Python的标准是PEP 435,所以在Python 3.4+中可以使用Enum类:
>>> from enum import Enum
>>> class Colors(Enum):
... red = 1
... green = 2
... blue = 3
>>> for color in Colors: print color
Colors.red
Colors.green
Colors.blue
在答案列表中没有看到这个,这是我想出的一个。它允许使用'in'关键字和len()方法:
class EnumTypeError(TypeError):
pass
class Enum(object):
"""
Minics enum type from different languages
Usage:
Letters = Enum(list('abc'))
a = Letters.a
print(a in Letters) # True
print(54 in Letters) # False
"""
def __init__(self, enums):
if isinstance(enums, dict):
self.__dict__.update(enums)
elif isinstance(enums, list) or isinstance(enums, tuple):
self.__dict__.update(**dict((v,k) for k,v in enumerate(enums)))
else:
raise EnumTypeError
def __contains__(self, key):
return key in self.__dict__.values()
def __len__(self):
return len(self.__dict__.values())
if __name__ == '__main__':
print('Using a dictionary to create Enum:')
Letters = Enum(dict((v,k) for k,v in enumerate(list('abcde'))))
a = Letters.a
print('\tIs a in e?', a in Letters)
print('\tIs 54 in e?', 54 in Letters)
print('\tLength of Letters enum:', len(Letters))
print('\nUsing a list to create Enum:')
Letters = Enum(list('abcde'))
a = Letters.a
print('\tIs a in e?', a in Letters)
print('\tIs 54 in e?', 54 in Letters)
print('\tLength of Letters enum:', len(Letters))
try:
# make sure we raise an exception if we pass an invalid arg
Failure = Enum('This is a Failure')
print('Failure')
except EnumTypeError:
print('Success!')
输出:
Using a dictionary to create Enum:
Is a in e? True
Is 54 in e? False
Length of Letters enum: 5
Using a list to create Enum:
Is a in e? True
Is 54 in e? False
Length of Letters enum: 5
Success!