正如其他人回答的那样，“标准”都将大部分细节保留为“实现定义的”，只声明类型“char”的宽度至少为“char_bis”，并且“char <= short <= int <= long <= long long”(浮点数和双精度浮点数与IEEE浮点标准基本一致，长双精度浮点数通常与双精度浮点数相同——但在更当前的实现中可能更大)。

Part of the reasons for not having very specific and exact values is because languages like C/C++ were designed to be portable to a large number of hardware platforms--Including computer systems in which the "char" word-size may be 4-bits or 7-bits, or even some value other than the "8-/16-/32-/64-bit" computers the average home computer user is exposed to. (Word-size here meaning how many bits wide the system normally operates on--Again, it's not always 8-bits as home computer users may expect.)

If you really need a object (in the sense of a series of bits representing an integral value) of a specific number of bits, most compilers have some method of specifying that; But it's generally not portable, even between compilers made by the ame company but for different platforms. Some standards and practices (especially limits.h and the like) are common enough that most compilers will have support for determining at the best-fit type for a specific range of values, but not the number of bits used. (That is, if you know you need to hold values between 0 and 127, you can determine that your compiler supports an "int8" type of 8-bits which will be large enought to hold the full range desired, but not something like an "int7" type which would be an exact match for 7-bits.)

注意:使用了许多Un*x源包”。/configure”脚本，它将探测编译器/系统的功能，并输出一个合适的Makefile和config.h。您可以检查其中一些脚本，看看它们是如何工作的，以及它们如何探测编译器/系统功能，并遵循它们的指导。

1)文章“64位程序开发中被遗忘的问题”中的表N1

2)“数据模型”

对于浮点数有一个标准(IEEE754):浮点数是32位，双精度数是64位。这是一种硬件标准，而不是c++标准，所以编译器理论上可以定义float和double为其他大小，但在实践中，我从未见过使用任何不同的架构。

当涉及到不同架构和不同编译器的内置类型时，只需在你的架构上用编译器运行以下代码，看看它输出了什么。下面是我的Ubuntu 13.04 (Raring Ringtail) 64位g++4.7.3输出。还请注意下面的回答，这就是为什么输出是这样排序的:

有五种标准的有符号整型:有符号char、short int、int、long int和long long int。在此列表中，每种类型提供的存储空间至少与列表中前面的类型相同。”

#include <iostream>

int main ( int argc, char * argv[] )
{
  std::cout<< "size of char: " << sizeof (char) << std::endl;
  std::cout<< "size of short: " << sizeof (short) << std::endl;
  std::cout<< "size of int: " << sizeof (int) << std::endl;
  std::cout<< "size of long: " << sizeof (long) << std::endl;
  std::cout<< "size of long long: " << sizeof (long long) << std::endl;

  std::cout<< "size of float: " << sizeof (float) << std::endl;
  std::cout<< "size of double: " << sizeof (double) << std::endl;

  std::cout<< "size of pointer: " << sizeof (int *) << std::endl;
}


size of char: 1
size of short: 2
size of int: 4
size of long: 8
size of long long: 8
size of float: 4
size of double: 8
size of pointer: 8

对于32位系统，“事实上”的标准是ILP32——也就是说，int、long和pointer都是32位的量。

对于64位系统，主要的Unix“事实上”标准是LP64 -长和指针是64位(但int是32位)。Windows 64位标准是LLP64 - long long和pointer是64位(但long和int都是32位)。

曾经，一些Unix系统使用ILP64组织。

这些事实上的标准没有一个是由C标准(ISO/IEC 9899:1999)立法的，但都是被C标准所允许的。

并且，根据定义，sizeof(char)是1，尽管在Perl配置脚本中进行了测试。

注意，有些机器(Crays) CHAR_BIT远大于8。这意味着，IIRC sizeof(int)也是1，因为char和int都是32位的。

正如你提到的，这很大程度上取决于编译器和平台。为此，请查看ANSI标准http://home.att.net/~jackklein/c/inttypes.html

下面是微软编译器的一个:数据类型范围。