为了更好地理解竞态条件，请尝试以下基本示例:

    public class ThreadRaceCondition {

    /**
     * @param args
     * @throws InterruptedException
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Account myAccount = new Account(22222222);

        // Expected deposit: 250
        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
            Transaction t = new Transaction(myAccount,
                    Transaction.TransactionType.DEPOSIT, 5.00);
            t.start();
        }

        // Expected withdrawal: 50
        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
            Transaction t = new Transaction(myAccount,
                    Transaction.TransactionType.WITHDRAW, 1.00);
            t.start();

        }

        // Temporary sleep to ensure all threads are completed. Don't use in
        // realworld :-)
        Thread.sleep(1000);
        // Expected account balance is 200
        System.out.println("Final Account Balance: "
                + myAccount.getAccountBalance());

    }

}

class Transaction extends Thread {

    public static enum TransactionType {
        DEPOSIT(1), WITHDRAW(2);

        private int value;

        private TransactionType(int value) {
            this.value = value;
        }

        public int getValue() {
            return value;
        }
    };

    private TransactionType transactionType;
    private Account account;
    private double amount;

    /*
     * If transactionType == 1, deposit else if transactionType == 2 withdraw
     */
    public Transaction(Account account, TransactionType transactionType,
            double amount) {
        this.transactionType = transactionType;
        this.account = account;
        this.amount = amount;
    }

    public void run() {
        switch (this.transactionType) {
        case DEPOSIT:
            deposit();
            printBalance();
            break;
        case WITHDRAW:
            withdraw();
            printBalance();
            break;
        default:
            System.out.println("NOT A VALID TRANSACTION");
        }
        ;
    }

    public void deposit() {
        this.account.deposit(this.amount);
    }

    public void withdraw() {
        this.account.withdraw(amount);
    }

    public void printBalance() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                + " : TransactionType: " + this.transactionType + ", Amount: "
                + this.amount);
        System.out.println("Account Balance: "
                + this.account.getAccountBalance());
    }
}

class Account {
    private int accountNumber;
    private double accountBalance;

    public int getAccountNumber() {
        return accountNumber;
    }

    public double getAccountBalance() {
        return accountBalance;
    }

    public Account(int accountNumber) {
        this.accountNumber = accountNumber;
    }

    // If this method is not synchronized, you will see race condition on
    // Remove syncronized keyword to see race condition
    public synchronized boolean deposit(double amount) {
        if (amount < 0) {
            return false;
        } else {
            accountBalance = accountBalance + amount;
            return true;
        }
    }

    // If this method is not synchronized, you will see race condition on
    // Remove syncronized keyword to see race condition
    public synchronized boolean withdraw(double amount) {
        if (amount > accountBalance) {
            return false;
        } else {
            accountBalance = accountBalance - amount;
            return true;
        }
    }
}

Race conditions occur in multi-threaded applications or multi-process systems. A race condition, at its most basic, is anything that makes the assumption that two things not in the same thread or process will happen in a particular order, without taking steps to ensure that they do. This happens commonly when two threads are passing messages by setting and checking member variables of a class both can access. There's almost always a race condition when one thread calls sleep to give another thread time to finish a task (unless that sleep is in a loop, with some checking mechanism).

防止竞争条件的工具依赖于语言和操作系统，但一些常见的工具是互斥锁、临界区和信号。互斥锁在你想确保你是唯一一个在做某事的时候很有用。当你想确保别人已经完成某件事时，信号是很好的。最小化共享资源还有助于防止意外行为

Detecting race conditions can be difficult, but there are a couple signs. Code which relies heavily on sleeps is prone to race conditions, so first check for calls to sleep in the affected code. Adding particularly long sleeps can also be used for debugging to try and force a particular order of events. This can be useful for reproducing the behavior, seeing if you can make it disappear by changing the timing of things, and for testing solutions put in place. The sleeps should be removed after debugging.

但是，如果某个问题只在某些机器上断断续续地发生，则是存在竞争条件的标志性标志。常见的错误是崩溃和死锁。使用日志记录，您应该能够找到受影响的区域并从那里返回。

您并不总是希望丢弃竞态条件。如果你有一个可以被多个线程读写的标志，并且这个标志被一个线程设置为“done”，这样当标志被设置为“done”时，其他线程就会停止处理，你不希望这个“竞争条件”被消除。事实上，这可以被称为良性竞态条件。

然而，使用检测竞态条件的工具，它将被视为有害的竞态条件。

更多关于比赛情况的详细信息，请访问http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc546569.aspx。

竞态条件是一种bug，只会在特定的时间条件下发生。

例子: 假设您有两个线程，A和B。

在线程A中:

if( object.a != 0 )
    object.avg = total / object.a

线程B:

object.a = 0

如果线程A在检查完对象后被抢占。a不为空，B将执行a = 0，当线程a将获得处理器时，它将执行“除零”。

这个错误只发生在if语句之后的线程A被抢占时，这是非常罕见的，但它是有可能发生的。

当两个或多个线程可以访问共享数据，并且它们试图同时更改数据时，就会发生竞态条件。因为线程调度算法可以在任何时候在线程之间交换，所以您不知道线程将尝试访问共享数据的顺序。因此，数据更改的结果依赖于线程调度算法，即两个线程都在“竞相”访问/更改数据。

当一个线程执行“检查-然后-行动”时，问题经常发生。“check”如果值是X，那么“act”做一些取决于值是X的事情)，另一个线程在“check”和“act”之间对值做一些事情。例句:

if (x == 5) // The "Check"
{
   y = x * 2; // The "Act"

   // If another thread changed x in between "if (x == 5)" and "y = x * 2" above,
   // y will not be equal to 10.
}

这一点是，y可以是10，也可以是任何值，这取决于在检查和执行之间是否有另一个线程改变了x。你根本不知道。

为了防止竞争条件的发生，您通常会在共享数据周围放置一个锁，以确保一次只有一个线程可以访问数据。这意味着:

// Obtain lock for x
if (x == 5)
{
   y = x * 2; // Now, nothing can change x until the lock is released. 
              // Therefore y = 10
}
// release lock for x

竞态条件是当两个或多个进程可以同时访问和更改共享数据时出现的不希望出现的情况。这是因为对资源的访问发生冲突。临界区问题可能导致竞争状态。为了解决进程之间的临界条件，我们每次只取出一个执行临界段的进程。