除了字典方法（我很喜欢，BTW），您还可以使用if elif else来获得switch/case/default功能：

if x == 'a':
    # Do the thing
elif x == 'b':
    # Do the other thing
if x in 'bc':
    # Fall-through by not using elif, but now the default case includes case 'a'!
elif x in 'xyz':
    # Do yet another thing
else:
    # Do the default

当然，这与switch/case不同——你不可能像放弃break语句那样轻易地通过，但你可以进行更复杂的测试。它的格式比一系列嵌套的if更好，尽管在功能上更接近。

我最喜欢的是一个非常好的食谱。这是我见过的最接近实际switchcase语句的语句，尤其是在特性中。

class switch(object):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        self.fall = False

    def __iter__(self):
        """Return the match method once, then stop"""
        yield self.match
        raise StopIteration
    
    def match(self, *args):
        """Indicate whether or not to enter a case suite"""
        if self.fall or not args:
            return True
        elif self.value in args: # changed for v1.5, see below
            self.fall = True
            return True
        else:
            return False

下面是一个示例：

# The following example is pretty much the exact use-case of a dictionary,
# but is included for its simplicity. Note that you can include statements
# in each suite.
v = 'ten'
for case in switch(v):
    if case('one'):
        print 1
        break
    if case('two'):
        print 2
        break
    if case('ten'):
        print 10
        break
    if case('eleven'):
        print 11
        break
    if case(): # default, could also just omit condition or 'if True'
        print "something else!"
        # No need to break here, it'll stop anyway

# break is used here to look as much like the real thing as possible, but
# elif is generally just as good and more concise.

# Empty suites are considered syntax errors, so intentional fall-throughs
# should contain 'pass'
c = 'z'
for case in switch(c):
    if case('a'): pass # only necessary if the rest of the suite is empty
    if case('b'): pass
    # ...
    if case('y'): pass
    if case('z'):
        print "c is lowercase!"
        break
    if case('A'): pass
    # ...
    if case('Z'):
        print "c is uppercase!"
        break
    if case(): # default
        print "I dunno what c was!"

# As suggested by Pierre Quentel, you can even expand upon the
# functionality of the classic 'case' statement by matching multiple
# cases in a single shot. This greatly benefits operations such as the
# uppercase/lowercase example above:
import string
c = 'A'
for case in switch(c):
    if case(*string.lowercase): # note the * for unpacking as arguments
        print "c is lowercase!"
        break
    if case(*string.uppercase):
        print "c is uppercase!"
        break
    if case('!', '?', '.'): # normal argument passing style also applies
        print "c is a sentence terminator!"
        break
    if case(): # default
        print "I dunno what c was!"

一些评论指出，使用foo作为case而不是foo中的case的上下文管理器解决方案可能更干净，对于大型switch语句，线性而不是二次行为可能是一个不错的选择。使用for循环的答案的一部分价值是有中断和突破的能力，如果我们愿意稍微使用我们选择的关键字，我们也可以在上下文管理器中实现这一点：

class Switch:
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        self._entered = False
        self._broken = False
        self._prev = None

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
        return False # Allows a traceback to occur

    def __call__(self, *values):
        if self._broken:
            return False
        
        if not self._entered:
            if values and self.value not in values:
                return False
            self._entered, self._prev = True, values
            return True
        
        if self._prev is None:
            self._prev = values
            return True
        
        if self._prev != values:
            self._broken = True
            return False
        
        if self._prev == values:
            self._prev = None
            return False
    
    @property
    def default(self):
        return self()

下面是一个示例：

# Prints 'bar' then 'baz'.
with Switch(2) as case:
    while case(0):
        print('foo')
    while case(1, 2, 3):
        print('bar')
    while case(4, 5):
        print('baz')
        break
    while case.default:
        print('default')
        break

Python 3.10（2021）引入了match-case语句，该语句提供了Pythons“switch”的一流实现。例如：

def f(x):
    match x:
        case 'a':
            return 1
        case 'b':
            return 2
        case _:
            return 0   # 0 is the default case if x is not found

match-case语句比这个简单的示例强大得多。

以下原始答案写于2008年，当时还未提供匹配案例：

你可以用字典：

def f(x):
    return {
        'a': 1,
        'b': 2,
    }[x]

我发现一种常见的交换机结构：

switch ...parameter...
case p1: v1; break;
case p2: v2; break;
default: v3;

可以用Python表示如下：

(lambda x: v1 if p1(x) else v2 if p2(x) else v3)

或以更清晰的方式格式化：

(lambda x:
     v1 if p1(x) else
     v2 if p2(x) else
     v3)

Python版本不是一个语句，而是一个表达式，其计算结果为一个值。

扩展“dict as switch”思想。如果要为交换机使用默认值：

def f(x):
    try:
        return {
            'a': 1,
            'b': 2,
        }[x]
    except KeyError:
        return 'default'

与abarnert的回答类似，这里有一个专门针对以下用例的解决方案：为开关中的每个“case”调用单个函数，同时避免lambda或partial，以实现超简洁，同时仍然能够处理关键字参数：

class switch(object):
    NO_DEFAULT = object()

    def __init__(self, value, default=NO_DEFAULT):
        self._value = value
        self._result = default

    def __call__(self, option, func, *args, **kwargs):
        if self._value == option:
            self._result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        return self

    def pick(self):
        if self._result is switch.NO_DEFAULT:
            raise ValueError(self._value)

        return self._result

示例用法：

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

def double(x):
    return 2 * x

def foo(**kwargs):
    return kwargs

result = (
    switch(3)
    (1, add, 7, 9)
    (2, double, 5)
    (3, foo, bar=0, spam=8)
    (4, lambda: double(1 / 0))  # if evaluating arguments is not safe
).pick()

print(result)

请注意，这是链接调用，即switch（3）（…）（。将所有内容放在一个表达式中也很重要，这就是为什么我在隐式行延续的主调用周围使用了额外的括号。

如果您打开未处理的值，例如开关（5）（1，…）（2，…）。。。返回-1。