我发现Python文档中的以下答案非常有用：

你可以通过一系列if…elif。。。埃利夫。。。其他的关于switch语句语法已经有了一些建议，但对于是否以及如何进行范围测试还没有达成共识。有关完整详细信息和当前状态，请参见PEP 275。

对于需要从大量可能性中进行选择的情况，可以创建一个字典，将大小写值映射到要调用的函数。例如：

def function_1(...):
    ...

functions = {'a': function_1,
             'b': function_2,
             'c': self.method_1, ...}

func = functions[value]
func()

对于在对象上调用方法，可以通过使用内置的getattr（）来检索具有特定名称的方法来进一步简化：

def visit_a(self, ...):
    ...
...

def dispatch(self, value):
    method_name = 'visit_' + str(value)
    method = getattr(self, method_name)
    method()

建议为方法名称使用前缀，例如本例中的visit_。如果没有这样的前缀，如果值来自不受信任的源，攻击者将能够调用对象上的任何方法。

Python>=3.10

哇，Python 3.10+现在有一个match/case语法，类似于switch/case等等！

PEP 634——结构模式匹配

匹配/案例的选定特征

1-匹配值：

匹配值类似于另一种语言中的简单开关/大小写：

match something:
    case 1 | 2 | 3:
        # Match 1-3.
    case _:
        # Anything else.
        # 
        # Match will throw an error if this is omitted 
        # and it doesn't match any of the other patterns.

2-匹配结构模式：

match something:
    case str() | bytes():  
        # Match a string like object.
    case [str(), int()]:
        # Match a `str` and an `int` sequence 
        # (`list` or a `tuple` but not a `set` or an iterator). 
    case [_, _]:
        # Match a sequence of 2 variables.
        # To prevent a common mistake, sequence patterns don’t match strings.
    case {"bandwidth": 100, "latency": 300}:
        # Match this dict. Extra keys are ignored.

3-捕获变量

解析对象；将其保存为变量：

match something:
    case [name, count]
        # Match a sequence of any two objects and parse them into the two variables.
    case [x, y, *rest]:
        # Match a sequence of two or more objects, 
        # binding object #3 and on into the rest variable.
    case bytes() | str() as text:
        # Match any string like object and save it to the text variable.

捕获变量在解析数据（如JSON或HTML）时非常有用，这些数据可能以多种不同的模式之一出现。

捕获变量是一项功能。但这也意味着您只需要使用虚线常量（例如：COLOR.RED）。否则，常量将被视为捕获变量并被覆盖。

更多示例用法：

match something:
    case 0 | 1 | 2:
        # Matches 0, 1 or 2 (value).
        print("Small number")
    case [] | [_]:
        # Matches an empty or single value sequence (structure).
        # Matches lists and tuples but not sets.
        print("A short sequence")
    case str() | bytes():
        # Something of `str` or `bytes` type (data type).
        print("Something string-like")
    case _:
        # Anything not matched by the above.
        print("Something else")

Python<=3.9

我最喜欢的switch/case Python配方是：

choices = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
result = choices.get(key, 'default')

简单场景的简短和简单。

比较11行以上的C代码：

// C Language version of a simple 'switch/case'.
switch( key ) 
{
    case 'a' :
        result = 1;
        break;
    case 'b' :
        result = 2;
        break;
    default :
        result = -1;
}

您甚至可以通过使用元组来分配多个变量：

choices = {'a': (1, 2, 3), 'b': (4, 5, 6)}
(result1, result2, result3) = choices.get(key, ('default1', 'default2', 'default3'))

虽然已经有了足够的答案，但我想指出一个更简单、更强大的解决方案：

class Switch:
    def __init__(self, switches):
        self.switches = switches
        self.between = len(switches[0]) == 3

    def __call__(self, x):
        for line in self.switches:
            if self.between:
                if line[0] <= x < line[1]:
                    return line[2]
            else:
                if line[0] == x:
                    return line[1]
        return None


if __name__ == '__main__':
    between_table = [
        (1, 4, 'between 1 and 4'),
        (4, 8, 'between 4 and 8')
    ]

    switch_between = Switch(between_table)

    print('Switch Between:')
    for i in range(0, 10):
        if switch_between(i):
            print('{} is {}'.format(i, switch_between(i)))
        else:
            print('No match for {}'.format(i))


    equals_table = [
        (1, 'One'),
        (2, 'Two'),
        (4, 'Four'),
        (5, 'Five'),
        (7, 'Seven'),
        (8, 'Eight')
    ]
    print('Switch Equals:')
    switch_equals = Switch(equals_table)
    for i in range(0, 10):
        if switch_equals(i):
            print('{} is {}'.format(i, switch_equals(i)))
        else:
            print('No match for {}'.format(i))

输出：

Switch Between:
No match for 0
1 is between 1 and 4
2 is between 1 and 4
3 is between 1 and 4
4 is between 4 and 8
5 is between 4 and 8
6 is between 4 and 8
7 is between 4 and 8
No match for 8
No match for 9

Switch Equals:
No match for 0
1 is One
2 is Two
No match for 3
4 is Four
5 is Five
No match for 6
7 is Seven
8 is Eight
No match for 9

您可以使用分派的dict：

#!/usr/bin/env python


def case1():
    print("This is case 1")

def case2():
    print("This is case 2")

def case3():
    print("This is case 3")


token_dict = {
    "case1" : case1,
    "case2" : case2,
    "case3" : case3,
}


def main():
    cases = ("case1", "case3", "case2", "case1")
    for case in cases:
        token_dict[case]()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

输出：

This is case 1
This is case 3
This is case 2
This is case 1

如果您想要默认值，可以使用dictionary get（key[，default]）函数：

def f(x):
    return {
        'a': 1,
        'b': 2
    }.get(x, 9)    # 9 will be returned default if x is not found

在阅读了公认的答案后，我感到非常困惑，但这一切都清楚了：

def numbers_to_strings(argument):
    switcher = {
        0: "zero",
        1: "one",
        2: "two",
    }
    return switcher.get(argument, "nothing")

该代码类似于：

function(argument){
    switch(argument) {
        case 0:
            return "zero";
        case 1:
            return "one";
        case 2:
            return "two";
        default:
            return "nothing";
    }
}

有关字典映射到函数的详细信息，请查看源代码。