如何用unittest.mock测试下面的代码:
def testme(filepath):
with open(filepath) as f:
return f.read()
如何用unittest.mock测试下面的代码:
def testme(filepath):
with open(filepath) as f:
return f.read()
这样做的方式在mock 0.7.0中已经改变,它最终支持模拟python协议方法(magic方法),特别是使用MagicMock:
http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/magicmock.html
一个作为上下文管理器打开的mock示例(来自mock文档中的示例页面):
>>> open_name = '%s.open' % __name__
>>> with patch(open_name, create=True) as mock_open:
... mock_open.return_value = MagicMock(spec=file)
...
... with open('/some/path', 'w') as f:
... f.write('something')
...
<mock.Mock object at 0x...>
>>> file_handle = mock_open.return_value.__enter__.return_value
>>> file_handle.write.assert_called_with('something')
在mock的最新版本中,你可以使用真正有用的mock_open helper:
mock_open(模拟= None, read_data =没有) 对象的帮助函数 用Mock代替open。它适用于open call direct或 用作上下文管理器。 mock参数是要配置的模拟对象。若无( 默认),然后将为您创建一个MagicMock,使用API 仅限于标准文件句柄上可用的方法或属性。 Read_data是文件句柄的读取方法的字符串 回报。默认情况下,这是一个空字符串。
>>> from mock import mock_open, patch
>>> m = mock_open()
>>> with patch('{}.open'.format(__name__), m, create=True):
... with open('foo', 'w') as h:
... h.write('some stuff')
>>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo', 'w')
>>> handle = m()
>>> handle.write.assert_called_once_with('some stuff')
要将mock_open用于一个简单的文件read()(本页上已经给出的原始mock_open片段更适合于write):
my_text = "some text to return when read() is called on the file object"
mocked_open_function = mock.mock_open(read_data=my_text)
with mock.patch("__builtin__.open", mocked_open_function):
with open("any_string") as f:
print f.read()
注意,根据mock_open的文档,这是专门针对read()的,所以不会适用于常见的模式,例如for line in f。
使用python 2.6.6 / mock 1.0.1
我可能对这个游戏有点晚了,但当我在另一个模块中调用open而不必创建新文件时,这对我来说是有效的。
test.py
import unittest
from mock import Mock, patch, mock_open
from MyObj import MyObj
class TestObj(unittest.TestCase):
open_ = mock_open()
with patch.object(__builtin__, "open", open_):
ref = MyObj()
ref.save("myfile.txt")
assert open_.call_args_list == [call("myfile.txt", "wb")]
MyObj.py
class MyObj(object):
def save(self, filename):
with open(filename, "wb") as f:
f.write("sample text")
通过将__builtin__模块中的open函数修补到mock_open()中,我可以模拟写入文件而无需创建一个文件。
注意:如果你正在使用一个使用cython的模块,或者你的程序以任何方式依赖于cython,你将需要导入cython的__builtin__模块,方法是在你的文件顶部包含import __builtin__。如果你正在使用cython,你将不能模拟通用__builtin__。
Python 3
补丁内置命令。打开并使用mock_open,它是模拟框架的一部分。用作上下文管理器的Patch返回用于替换补丁的对象:
from unittest.mock import patch, mock_open
with patch("builtins.open", mock_open(read_data="data")) as mock_file:
assert open("path/to/open").read() == "data"
mock_file.assert_called_with("path/to/open")
如果您想使用patch作为装饰器,那么使用mock_open()的结果作为patch的new=参数可能会有点奇怪。相反,使用patch的new_callable=参数,并记住patch不使用的每个额外参数将被传递给new_callable函数,如补丁文档中所述:
Patch()接受任意关键字参数。这些将在构造时传递给Mock(或new_callable)。
@patch("builtins.open", new_callable=mock_open, read_data="data")
def test_patch(mock_file):
assert open("path/to/open").read() == "data"
mock_file.assert_called_with("path/to/open")
记住,在这种情况下,patch将模拟对象作为参数传递给测试函数。
Python 2
你需要修补__builtin__。打开而不是内置。Open和mock不是unittest的一部分,你需要分别安装和导入它:
from mock import patch, mock_open
with patch("__builtin__.open", mock_open(read_data="data")) as mock_file:
assert open("path/to/open").read() == "data"
mock_file.assert_called_with("path/to/open")
上面的答案很有用,但我对它进行了一些扩展。
如果你想根据传递给open()的参数来设置文件对象的值(f in as f),这里有一种方法:
def save_arg_return_data(*args, **kwargs):
mm = MagicMock(spec=file)
mm.__enter__.return_value = do_something_with_data(*args, **kwargs)
return mm
m = MagicMock()
m.side_effect = save_arg_return_array_of_data
# if your open() call is in the file mymodule.animals
# use mymodule.animals as name_of_called_file
open_name = '%s.open' % name_of_called_file
with patch(open_name, m, create=True):
#do testing here
基本上,open()将返回一个对象,with将在该对象上调用__enter__()。
为了正确地模拟,必须mock open()返回一个模拟对象。然后,该模拟对象应该模拟对其进行的__enter__()调用(MagicMock将为我们完成此操作),以返回我们想要的模拟数据/文件对象(因此是mm.__enter__.return_value)。用上述方法对2个mock执行此操作允许我们捕获传递给open()的参数,并将它们传递给do_something_with_data方法。
我将整个模拟文件作为字符串传递给open(),我的do_something_with_data看起来像这样:
def do_something_with_data(*args, **kwargs):
return args[0].split("\n")
这将字符串转换为一个列表,这样你就可以像处理普通文件一样执行以下操作:
for line in file:
#do action
使用unittest修补内置的open()函数:
这适用于补丁读取json配置。
class ObjectUnderTest:
def __init__(self, filename: str):
with open(filename, 'r') as f:
dict_content = json.load(f)
被模拟的对象是io。由open()函数返回的TextIOWrapper对象
@patch("<src.where.object.is.used>.open",
return_value=io.TextIOWrapper(io.BufferedReader(io.BytesIO(b'{"test_key": "test_value"}'))))
def test_object_function_under_test(self, mocker):
如果你不需要进一步的文件,你可以装饰测试方法:
@patch('builtins.open', mock_open(read_data="data"))
def test_testme():
result = testeme()
assert result == "data"
来自github代码片段,用于修补python中的读写功能。
源代码链接在这里
import configparser
import pytest
simpleconfig = """[section]\nkey = value\n\n"""
def test_monkeypatch_open_read(mockopen):
filename = 'somefile.txt'
mockopen.write(filename, simpleconfig)
parser = configparser.ConfigParser()
parser.read(filename)
assert parser.sections() == ['section']
def test_monkeypatch_open_write(mockopen):
parser = configparser.ConfigParser()
parser.add_section('section')
parser.set('section', 'key', 'value')
filename = 'somefile.txt'
parser.write(open(filename, 'wb'))
assert mockopen.read(filename) == simpleconfig
使用assert简单的@patch
如果你想使用@patch。open()在处理程序内部被调用并被读取。
@patch("builtins.open", new_callable=mock_open, read_data="data")
def test_lambda_handler(self, mock_open_file):
lambda_handler(event, {})
在我的例子中,我使用的是pytest,好消息是在Python 3中,单元测试库也可以导入和使用,没有问题。
以下是我的方法。首先,我用可重用的pytest fixture创建了一个conftest.py文件:
from functools import cache
from unittest.mock import MagicMock, mock_open
import pytest
from pytest_mock import MockerFixture
class FileMock(MagicMock):
def __init__(self, mocker: MagicMock = None, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
if mocker:
self.__dict__ = mocker.__dict__
# configure mock object to replace the use of open(...)
# note: this is useful in scenarios where data is written out
_ = mock_open(mock=self)
@property
def read_data(self):
return self.side_effect
@read_data.setter
def read_data(self, mock_data: str):
"""set mock data to be returned when `open(...).read()` is called."""
self.side_effect = mock_open(read_data=mock_data)
@property
@cache
def write_calls(self):
"""a list of calls made to `open().write(...)`"""
handle = self.return_value
write: MagicMock = handle.write
return write.call_args_list
@property
def write_lines(self) -> str:
"""a list of written lines (as a string)"""
return ''.join([c[0][0] for c in self.write_calls])
@pytest.fixture
def mock_file_open(mocker: MockerFixture) -> FileMock:
return FileMock(mocker.patch('builtins.open'))
在这里,我决定将read_data作为一个属性,以便更python化。它可以用open()需要返回的任何数据在测试函数中赋值。
在我的测试文件中,命名为test_it_works.py,我有以下测试用例来确认预期的功能:
from unittest.mock import call
def test_mock_file_open_and_read(mock_file_open):
mock_file_open.read_data = 'hello\nworld!'
with open('/my/file/here', 'r') as in_file:
assert in_file.readlines() == ['hello\n', 'world!']
mock_file_open.assert_called_with('/my/file/here', 'r')
def test_mock_file_open_and_write(mock_file_open):
with open('/out/file/here', 'w') as f:
f.write('hello\n')
f.write('world!\n')
f.write('--> testing 123 :-)')
mock_file_open.assert_called_with('/out/file/here', 'w')
assert call('world!\n') in mock_file_open.write_calls
assert mock_file_open.write_lines == """\
hello
world!
--> testing 123 :-)
""".rstrip()
点击这里查看要点。