并发:在单核机器上，多任务以cpu时间片共享的方式运行。 并行:在多核机器上，多个任务同时在每个核上运行。

并发性提供了一种构建解决方案的方法，以解决可能(但不一定)可并行的问题， 并发性是关于结构，并行性是关于执行。

https://joearms.github.io/published/2013-04-05-concurrent-and-parallel-programming.html

并发=两个队列和一台咖啡机。

并行=两个队列和两个咖啡机。

Concurrent programming regards operations that appear to overlap and is primarily concerned with the complexity that arises due to non-deterministic control flow. The quantitative costs associated with concurrent programs are typically both throughput and latency. Concurrent programs are often IO bound but not always, e.g. concurrent garbage collectors are entirely on-CPU. The pedagogical example of a concurrent program is a web crawler. This program initiates requests for web pages and accepts the responses concurrently as the results of the downloads become available, accumulating a set of pages that have already been visited. Control flow is non-deterministic because the responses are not necessarily received in the same order each time the program is run. This characteristic can make it very hard to debug concurrent programs. Some applications are fundamentally concurrent, e.g. web servers must handle client connections concurrently. Erlang, F# asynchronous workflows and Scala's Akka library are perhaps the most promising approaches to highly concurrent programming.

Multicore programming is a special case of parallel programming. Parallel programming concerns operations that are overlapped for the specific goal of improving throughput. The difficulties of concurrent programming are evaded by making control flow deterministic. Typically, programs spawn sets of child tasks that run in parallel and the parent task only continues once every subtask has finished. This makes parallel programs much easier to debug than concurrent programs. The hard part of parallel programming is performance optimization with respect to issues such as granularity and communication. The latter is still an issue in the context of multicores because there is a considerable cost associated with transferring data from one cache to another. Dense matrix-matrix multiply is a pedagogical example of parallel programming and it can be solved efficiently by using Straasen's divide-and-conquer algorithm and attacking the sub-problems in parallel. Cilk is perhaps the most promising approach for high-performance parallel programming on multicores and it has been adopted in both Intel's Threaded Building Blocks and Microsoft's Task Parallel Library (in .NET 4).

我认为并发编程指的是多线程编程，它是关于让你的程序运行多个线程，从硬件细节中抽象出来。

并行编程是指专门设计程序算法以利用可用的并行执行。例如，您可以并行执行某些算法的两个分支，期望它会比先检查第一个分支再检查第二个分支更快地到达结果(平均而言)。

只是分享一个有助于突出区别的例子:

并行编程:假设您想实现归并排序算法。每次将问题划分为两个子问题时，可以有两个线程来解决它们。然而，为了进行合并步骤，您必须等待这两个线程完成，因为合并需要两个子解决方案。这种“强制等待”使其成为并行程序。

并发程序:假设你想压缩n个文本文件，并为每个文件生成一个压缩文件。您可以有2个(最多n个)线程，每个线程处理压缩文件的一个子集。当每个线程完成时，它就完成了，它不需要等待或做任何其他事情。因此，由于不同的任务以“任意顺序”交错的方式执行，所以程序是并发的，而不是并行的。

正如其他人提到的，每个并行程序都是并发的(事实上必须是)，而不是相反。