抽象或封装并不严格要求信息隐藏。信息可能会被忽略，但不一定要隐藏。

封装是一种将事物视为单一事物的能力，即使它可能由许多复杂的部分或思想组成。例如，我可以说我坐在一把“椅子”上，而不是指这把椅子上的许多不同部分，每个部分都有特定的设计和功能，它们精确地组合在一起，目的是让我的屁股舒适地离地板几英尺远。

Abstraction is enabled by encapsulation. Because we encapsulate objects, we can think about them as things which relate to each other in some way rather than getting bogged down in the subtle details of internal object structure. Abstraction is the ability to consider the bigger picture, removed from concern over little details. The root of the word is abstract as in the summary that appears at the top of a scholarly paper, not abstract as in a class which can only be instantiated as a derived subclass.

I can honestly say that when I plop my butt down in my chair, I never think about how the structure of that chair will catch and hold my weight. It's a decent enough chair that I don't have to worry about those details. So I can turn my attention toward my computer. And again, I don't think about the component parts of my computer. I'm just looking at a part of a webpage that represents a text area that I can type in, and I'm communicating in words, barely even thinking about how my fingers always find the right letters so quickly on the keyboard, and how the connection is ultimately made between tapping these keys and posting to this forum. This is the great power of abstraction. Because the lower levels of the system can be trusted to work with consistency and precision, we have attention to spare for greater work.

封装把一些东西放在一个盒子里，给你一个窥视孔;这使你从混乱与齿轮。

抽象完全忽略了无关紧要的细节，比如物体是否有齿轮、棘轮、飞轮或核心;他们只是“走了”

封装的例子:

内裤 工具箱 钱包 手提包 胶囊 冷冻carbonite 一个盒子，上面有或没有按钮 一个墨西哥卷饼(严格来说，是卷饼周围的玉米粉圆饼)

抽象的例子:

“一组事物”是一种抽象(我们称之为聚合) “包含其他事物的事物”是一种抽象(我们称之为组合) “容器”是另一种“物装物”的抽象;注意，所有的封装示例都是不同种类的容器，但并不是所有的容器都展示/提供封装。例如，篮子是一种不封装其内容的容器。

一种防止特定对象的数据被外部函数故意或意外误用的机制叫做“数据封装”。

在不包括背景细节或解释的情况下表现基本特征的行为被称为抽象

封装要求模块化。它要求您创建具有数据和处理数据的方法的对象。在这种情况下，您可以将其视为一个模块。

抽象为您提供了类的一般视图。

从这个

OOPS中封装和抽象的区别

抽象和封装是两个重要的面向对象编程(oop)概念。封装和抽象都是相互关联的术语。

封装和抽象的现实区别

封装意味着隐藏。封装也称为数据隐藏。你可以把胶囊想象成胶囊(药片)，里面藏着药。封装是包装，只是隐藏属性和方法。封装用于将代码和数据隐藏在单个单元中，以保护数据不受外界的影响。类是封装的最佳示例。

抽象指的是只向预期的用户显示必要的细节。顾名思义，抽象是“任何事物的抽象形式”。我们在编程语言中使用抽象来创建抽象类。抽象类表示类的方法和属性的抽象视图。

封装和抽象之间的实现差异

Abstraction is implemented using interface and abstract class while Encapsulation is implemented using private and protected access modifier. OOPS makes use of encapsulation to enforce the integrity of a type (i.e. to make sure data is used in an appropriate manner) by preventing programmers from accessing data in a non-intended manner. Through encapsulation, only a predetermined group of functions can access the data. The collective term for datatypes and operations (methods) bundled together with access restrictions (public/private, etc.) is a class.

抽象是我们将要执行的实现的契约。实现可能会在一段时间内发生变化。各种实现本身可能隐藏，也可能不隐藏，而是隐藏在抽象后面。

假设我们在一个接口中定义了一个类的所有api，然后要求代码的用户依赖于该接口中定义的api。我们可以自由地改进或修改实现，但必须遵守设定的合同。用户与我们的实现没有耦合。

我们在抽象中暴露所有必要的规则(方法)，规则的实现留给实现者实体，实现也不是抽象的一部分。正是签名和声明使抽象成为现实。

封装只是通过减少对状态和行为的访问来隐藏内部细节。封装的类可能有也可能没有定义良好的抽象。

java.util.List是java.util.ArrayList的抽象。使用非公共访问修饰符标记的java.util.ArrayList的内部状态是封装。

Edit Suppose a class Container.nava implements IContainer , IContainer may declare methods like addElement, removeElements, contains, etc. Here IContainer represents the abstraction for its implementing class. Abstraction is declaring the APIs of the class or a module or a system to the outer world. These APIs become the contract. That system may be or may not be developed yet. The users of the system now can depend on the declared APIs and are sure any system implementing such a contract will always adhere to the APIs declared, they will always provide tge implementation for those APIs. Once we are writing some concrete entity then deciding to hide our internal states is encapsulation