double signof(double a) { return (a == 0) ? 0 : (a<0 ? -1 : 1); }

有一个C99数学库函数叫copysign()，它从一个参数取符号，从另一个参数取绝对值:

result = copysign(1.0, value) // double
result = copysignf(1.0, value) // float
result = copysignl(1.0, value) // long double

会给你一个+/- 1.0的结果，这取决于值的符号。注意，浮点零是有符号的:(+0)将产生+1，(-0)将产生-1。

如果boost可用，可以使用boost/math/special_functions/sign.hpp中的boost::math::sign()方法。

在C/ c++中是否存在标准符号函数(signum, sgn) ?

是的，这取决于定义。

C99及以后版本在<math.h>中有signbit()宏

Int符号位(实浮点x); signbit宏当且仅当其参数值的符号为负时返回一个非零值。C11§7.12.3.6

然而OP想要一些不同的东西。

我想要一个函数，返回-1的负数和+1的正数. ...处理浮点数的函数。

#define signbit_p1_or_n1(x)  ((signbit(x) ?  -1 : 1)

更深层次的问题:

OP的问题在以下情况下不是特定的:x = 0.0， -0.0， +NaN， -NaN。

经典的signum()在x>0时返回+1，在x<0时返回-1，在x==0时返回0。

许多答案已经涵盖了这一点，但没有涉及x = -0.0， +NaN， -NaN。许多都是针对通常缺少Not-a-Numbers (NaN)和-0.0的整数观点。

典型答案函数如signnum_typical()在-0.0，+NaN， -NaN上，它们返回0.0,0.0,0.0。

int signnum_typical(double x) {
  if (x > 0.0) return 1;
  if (x < 0.0) return -1;
  return 0;
}

相反，我建议这样的功能:在-0.0，+NaN， -NaN上，它返回-0.0，+NaN， -NaN。

double signnum_c(double x) {
  if (x > 0.0) return 1.0;
  if (x < 0.0) return -1.0;
  return x;
}

我的《C in a Nutshell》揭示了一个叫做copysign的标准函数的存在，它可能很有用。看起来，copyysign(1.0， -2.0)将返回-1.0，而copyysign(1.0, 2.0)将返回+1.0。

很接近吧?

类型安全的c++版本:

template <typename T> int sgn(T val) {
    return (T(0) < val) - (val < T(0));
}

好处:

Actually implements signum (-1, 0, or 1). Implementations here using copysign only return -1 or 1, which is not signum. Also, some implementations here are returning a float (or T) rather than an int, which seems wasteful. Works for ints, floats, doubles, unsigned shorts, or any custom types constructible from integer 0 and orderable. Fast! copysign is slow, especially if you need to promote and then narrow again. This is branchless and optimizes excellently Standards-compliant! The bitshift hack is neat, but only works for some bit representations, and doesn't work when you have an unsigned type. It could be provided as a manual specialization when appropriate. Accurate! Simple comparisons with zero can maintain the machine's internal high-precision representation (e.g. 80 bit on x87), and avoid a premature round to zero.

警告:

It's a template so it might take longer to compile in some circumstances. Apparently some people think use of a new, somewhat esoteric, and very slow standard library function that doesn't even really implement signum is more understandable. The < 0 part of the check triggers GCC's -Wtype-limits warning when instantiated for an unsigned type. You can avoid this by using some overloads: template <typename T> inline constexpr int signum(T x, std::false_type is_signed) { return T(0) < x; } template <typename T> inline constexpr int signum(T x, std::true_type is_signed) { return (T(0) < x) - (x < T(0)); } template <typename T> inline constexpr int signum(T x) { return signum(x, std::is_signed<T>()); } (Which is a good example of the first caveat.)