是否有可能编写一个模板,根据某个成员函数是否定义在类上而改变行为?
下面是我想写的一个简单的例子:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* obj)
{
if (FUNCTION_EXISTS(T->toString))
return obj->toString();
else
return "toString not defined";
}
因此,如果类T定义了toString(),那么它就使用它;否则,它就不会。我不知道如何做的神奇部分是“FUNCTION_EXISTS”部分。
你可以跳过c++ 14中所有的元编程,只需要从fit库中使用fit::条件来编写:
template<class T>
std::string optionalToString(T* x)
{
return fit::conditional(
[](auto* obj) -> decltype(obj->toString()) { return obj->toString(); },
[](auto*) { return "toString not defined"; }
)(x);
}
你也可以直接从lambdas中创建函数:
FIT_STATIC_LAMBDA_FUNCTION(optionalToString) = fit::conditional(
[](auto* obj) -> decltype(obj->toString(), std::string()) { return obj->toString(); },
[](auto*) -> std::string { return "toString not defined"; }
);
然而,如果你使用的编译器不支持泛型lambdas,你将不得不编写单独的函数对象:
struct withToString
{
template<class T>
auto operator()(T* obj) const -> decltype(obj->toString(), std::string())
{
return obj->toString();
}
};
struct withoutToString
{
template<class T>
std::string operator()(T*) const
{
return "toString not defined";
}
};
FIT_STATIC_FUNCTION(optionalToString) = fit::conditional(
withToString(),
withoutToString()
);
虽然这个问题是两年前的事了,但我敢补充我的答案。希望它能澄清之前无可争议的优秀解决方案。我采纳了Nicola Bonelli和Johannes Schaub非常有用的答案,并将它们合并到一个解决方案中,恕我之言,这个解决方案更易于阅读,更清晰,不需要扩展类型:
template <class Type>
class TypeHasToString
{
// This type won't compile if the second template parameter isn't of type T,
// so I can put a function pointer type in the first parameter and the function
// itself in the second thus checking that the function has a specific signature.
template <typename T, T> struct TypeCheck;
typedef char Yes;
typedef long No;
// A helper struct to hold the declaration of the function pointer.
// Change it if the function signature changes.
template <typename T> struct ToString
{
typedef void (T::*fptr)();
};
template <typename T> static Yes HasToString(TypeCheck< typename ToString<T>::fptr, &T::toString >*);
template <typename T> static No HasToString(...);
public:
static bool const value = (sizeof(HasToString<Type>(0)) == sizeof(Yes));
};
我用gcc 4.1.2检查了它。
这主要归功于尼古拉·博内利和约翰内斯·绍布,如果我的回答对你有帮助,请给他们投票:)
c++ 11的一个简单解决方案:
template<class T>
auto optionalToString(T* obj)
-> decltype( obj->toString() )
{
return obj->toString();
}
auto optionalToString(...) -> string
{
return "toString not defined";
}
更新,3年后:(这是未经测试的)。为了检验是否存在,我认为这是可行的:
template<class T>
constexpr auto test_has_toString_method(T* obj)
-> decltype( obj->toString() , std::true_type{} )
{
return obj->toString();
}
constexpr auto test_has_toString_method(...) -> std::false_type
{
return "toString not defined";
}
一个使用SFINAE和模板部分特化的例子,通过编写Has_foo概念检查:
#include <type_traits>
struct A{};
struct B{ int foo(int a, int b);};
struct C{void foo(int a, int b);};
struct D{int foo();};
struct E: public B{};
// available in C++17 onwards as part of <type_traits>
template<typename...>
using void_t = void;
template<typename T, typename = void> struct Has_foo: std::false_type{};
template<typename T>
struct Has_foo<T, void_t<
std::enable_if_t<
std::is_same<
int,
decltype(std::declval<T>().foo((int)0, (int)0))
>::value
>
>>: std::true_type{};
static_assert(not Has_foo<A>::value, "A does not have a foo");
static_assert(Has_foo<B>::value, "B has a foo");
static_assert(not Has_foo<C>::value, "C has a foo with the wrong return. ");
static_assert(not Has_foo<D>::value, "D has a foo with the wrong arguments. ");
static_assert(Has_foo<E>::value, "E has a foo since it inherits from B");
是的,使用SFINAE您可以检查给定的类是否提供了特定的方法。下面是工作代码:
#include <iostream>
struct Hello
{
int helloworld() { return 0; }
};
struct Generic {};
// SFINAE test
template <typename T>
class has_helloworld
{
typedef char one;
struct two { char x[2]; };
template <typename C> static one test( decltype(&C::helloworld) ) ;
template <typename C> static two test(...);
public:
enum { value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == sizeof(char) };
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
std::cout << has_helloworld<Hello>::value << std::endl;
std::cout << has_helloworld<Generic>::value << std::endl;
return 0;
}
我刚刚用Linux和gcc 4.1/4.3测试了它。我不知道它是否可以移植到运行不同编译器的其他平台。