我想测量执行一个函数所花费的时间。我没时间工作:

import timeit
start = timeit.timeit()
print("hello")
end = timeit.timeit()
print(end - start)

当前回答

下面是一个返回“hh:mm:ss”字符串的小型计时器类:

class Timer:
  def __init__(self):
    self.start = time.time()

  def restart(self):
    self.start = time.time()

  def get_time_hhmmss(self):
    end = time.time()
    m, s = divmod(end - self.start, 60)
    h, m = divmod(m, 60)
    time_str = "%02d:%02d:%02d" % (h, m, s)
    return time_str

用法:

# Start timer
my_timer = Timer()

# ... do something

# Get time string:
time_hhmmss = my_timer.get_time_hhmmss()
print("Time elapsed: %s" % time_hhmmss )

# ... use the timer again
my_timer.restart()

# ... do something

# Get time:
time_hhmmss = my_timer.get_time_hhmmss()

# ... etc

其他回答

我喜欢简单(python 3):

from timeit import timeit

timeit(lambda: print("hello"))

单个执行的输出为微秒:

2.430883963010274

说明:timeit默认执行匿名函数100万次,结果以秒为单位。因此,1次执行的结果相同,但平均以微秒为单位。


对于速度较慢的操作,添加较少的迭代次数,否则您可能会一直等待:

import time

timeit(lambda: time.sleep(1.5), number=1)

总迭代次数的输出始终以秒为单位:

1.5015795179999714

使用timeit.default_timer而不是timeit.timeit。前者自动提供您的平台和Python版本上可用的最佳时钟:

from timeit import default_timer as timer

start = timer()
# ...
end = timer()
print(end - start) # Time in seconds, e.g. 5.38091952400282

timeit.default_timer被分配给time.time()或time.clock(),具体取决于操作系统。在Python 3.3+default_timer上,所有平台上都有time.perf_counter()。请参见Python-time.cclock()与time.time()-精度?

另请参见:

正在优化代码如何优化速度

我参加聚会已经很晚了,但这种方法以前没有涉及过。当我们想要手动对某段代码进行基准测试时,我们可能需要首先找出哪些类方法占用了执行时间,这有时并不明显。我构建了以下元类来解决这个问题:

from __future__ import annotations

from functools import wraps
from time import time
from typing import Any, Callable, TypeVar, cast

F = TypeVar('F', bound=Callable[..., Any])


def timed_method(func: F, prefix: str | None = None) -> F:
    prefix = (prefix + ' ') if prefix else ''

    @wraps(func)
    def inner(*args, **kwargs):  # type: ignore
        start = time()
        try:
            ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
        except BaseException:
            print(f'[ERROR] {prefix}{func.__qualname__}: {time() - start}')
            raise
        
        print(f'{prefix}{func.__qualname__}: {time() - start}')
        return ret

    return cast(F, inner)


class TimedClass(type):
    def __new__(
        cls: type[TimedClass],
        name: str,
        bases: tuple[type[type], ...],
        attrs: dict[str, Any],
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> TimedClass:
        for name, attr in attrs.items():
            if isinstance(attr, (classmethod, staticmethod)):
                attrs[name] = type(attr)(timed_method(attr.__func__))
            elif isinstance(attr, property):
                attrs[name] = property(
                    timed_method(attr.fget, 'get') if attr.fget is not None else None,
                    timed_method(attr.fset, 'set') if attr.fset is not None else None,
                    timed_method(attr.fdel, 'del') if attr.fdel is not None else None,
                )
            elif callable(attr):
                attrs[name] = timed_method(attr)

        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

它允许如下使用:

class MyClass(metaclass=TimedClass):
    def foo(self): 
        print('foo')
    
    @classmethod
    def bar(cls): 
        print('bar')
    
    @staticmethod
    def baz(): 
        print('baz')
    
    @property
    def prop(self): 
        print('prop')
    
    @prop.setter
    def prop(self, v): 
        print('fset')
    
    @prop.deleter
    def prop(self): 
        print('fdel')


c = MyClass()

c.foo()
c.bar()
c.baz()
c.prop
c.prop = 2
del c.prop

MyClass.bar()
MyClass.baz()

它打印:

foo
MyClass.foo: 1.621246337890625e-05
bar
MyClass.bar: 4.5299530029296875e-06
baz
MyClass.baz: 4.291534423828125e-06
prop
get MyClass.prop: 3.814697265625e-06
fset
set MyClass.prop: 3.5762786865234375e-06
fdel
del MyClass.prop: 3.5762786865234375e-06
bar
MyClass.bar: 3.814697265625e-06
baz
MyClass.baz: 4.0531158447265625e-06

它可以与其他答案相结合,以更精确的方式代替time.time。

这里有一个很好的文档记录和完全类型提示的装饰器,我将其用作通用工具:

from functools import wraps
from time import perf_counter
from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, TypeVar, cast

F = TypeVar("F", bound=Callable[..., Any])


def timer(prefix: Optional[str] = None, precision: int = 6) -> Callable[[F], F]:
    """Use as a decorator to time the execution of any function.

    Args:
        prefix: String to print before the time taken.
            Default is the name of the function.
        precision: How many decimals to include in the seconds value.

    Examples:
        >>> @timer()
        ... def foo(x):
        ...     return x
        >>> foo(123)
        foo: 0.000...s
        123
        >>> @timer("Time taken: ", 2)
        ... def foo(x):
        ...     return x
        >>> foo(123)
        Time taken: 0.00s
        123

    """
    def decorator(func: F) -> F:
        @wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
            nonlocal prefix
            prefix = prefix if prefix is not None else f"{func.__name__}: "
            start = perf_counter()
            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
            end = perf_counter()
            print(f"{prefix}{end - start:.{precision}f}s")
            return result
        return cast(F, wrapper)
    return decorator

示例用法:

from timer import timer


@timer(precision=9)
def takes_long(x: int) -> bool:
    return x in (i for i in range(x + 1))


result = takes_long(10**8)
print(result)

输出:耗时:4.942629056秒真的

可以通过以下方式检查doctest:

$ python3 -m doctest --verbose -o=ELLIPSIS timer.py

类型提示:

$ mypy timer.py

仅Python 3:

由于从Python 3.3开始,time.cclock()已被弃用,因此您将希望使用time.perf_counter()进行系统范围的计时,或使用time.process_time()进行进程范围的计时(就像您以前使用time.cclok()的方式一样):

import time

t = time.process_time()
#do some stuff
elapsed_time = time.process_time() - t

新函数process_time将不包括睡眠期间经过的时间。