如何设置、清除和切换一点?


当前回答

我使用头文件中定义的宏来处理位集和清除:

/* a=target variable, b=bit number to act upon 0-n */
#define BIT_SET(a,b) ((a) |= (1ULL<<(b)))
#define BIT_CLEAR(a,b) ((a) &= ~(1ULL<<(b)))
#define BIT_FLIP(a,b) ((a) ^= (1ULL<<(b)))
#define BIT_CHECK(a,b) (!!((a) & (1ULL<<(b))))        // '!!' to make sure this returns 0 or 1

#define BITMASK_SET(x, mask) ((x) |= (mask))
#define BITMASK_CLEAR(x, mask) ((x) &= (~(mask)))
#define BITMASK_FLIP(x, mask) ((x) ^= (mask))
#define BITMASK_CHECK_ALL(x, mask) (!(~(x) & (mask)))
#define BITMASK_CHECK_ANY(x, mask) ((x) & (mask))

其他回答

另一个选项是使用位字段:

struct bits {
    unsigned int a:1;
    unsigned int b:1;
    unsigned int c:1;
};

struct bits mybits;

定义了一个3位字段(实际上是三个1位字段)。比特操作现在变得简单了一点(哈哈):

设置或清除一位:

mybits.b = 1;
mybits.c = 0;

要切换一位,请执行以下操作:

mybits.a = !mybits.a;
mybits.b = ~mybits.b;
mybits.c ^= 1;  /* all work */

检查一点:

if (mybits.c)  //if mybits.c is non zero the next line below will execute

这仅适用于固定大小的位字段。否则,您必须求助于前面文章中描述的比特旋转技术。

有时值得使用枚举来命名位:

enum ThingFlags = {
  ThingMask  = 0x0000,
  ThingFlag0 = 1 << 0,
  ThingFlag1 = 1 << 1,
  ThingError = 1 << 8,
}

然后稍后使用这些名称,即写

thingstate |= ThingFlag1;
thingstate &= ~ThingFlag0;
if (thing & ThingError) {...}

设置、清除和测试。通过这种方式,您可以对代码的其余部分隐藏神奇的数字。

除此之外,我支持佩奇·鲁滕的解决方案。

模板版本(放在头文件中),支持更改多位(适用于AVR微控制器btw):

namespace bit {
  template <typename T1, typename T2>
  constexpr inline T1 bitmask(T2 bit) 
  {return (T1)1 << bit;}
  template <typename T1, typename T3, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline T1 bitmask(T3 bit, T2 ...bits) 
  {return ((T1)1 << bit) | bitmask<T1>(bits...);}

  /** Set these bits (others retain their state) */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline void set (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {variable |= bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Set only these bits (others will be cleared) */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline void setOnly (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {variable = bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Clear these bits (others retain their state) */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline void clear (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {variable &= ~bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Flip these bits (others retain their state) */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline void flip (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {variable ^= bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Check if any of these bits are set */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline bool isAnySet(const T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {return variable & bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Check if all these bits are set */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline bool isSet (const T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {return ((variable & bitmask<T1>(bits...)) == bitmask<T1>(bits...));}
  /** Check if all these bits are not set */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline bool isNotSet (const T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {return ((variable & bitmask<T1>(bits...)) != bitmask<T1>(bits...));}
}

使用示例:

#include <iostream>
#include <bitset> // for console output of binary values

// and include the code above of course

using namespace std;

int main() {
  uint8_t v = 0b1111'1100;
  bit::set(v, 0);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;

  bit::clear(v, 0,1);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;

  bit::flip(v, 0,1);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;

  bit::clear(v, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;

  bit::flip(v, 0,7);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;
}

BTW:如果不向编译器发送优化器参数(例如:-O3),则不使用constexpr和inline。请随时尝试以下代码https://godbolt.org/并查看ASM输出。

将第n位设置为x(位值),不使用-1

有时,当您不确定-1或类似的结果时,您可能希望在不使用-1的情况下设置第n位:

number = (((number | (1 << n)) ^ (1 << n))) | (x << n);

解释:((number |(1<<n)将第n位设置为1(其中|表示逐位OR),然后使用(…)^(1<<n)将将第n个位设置为0,最后通过(…)|x<<n,将第n比特设置为0(位值)x。

这也适用于戈朗。

更一般地,对于任意大小的位图:

#define BITS 8
#define BIT_SET(  p, n) (p[(n)/BITS] |=  (0x80>>((n)%BITS)))
#define BIT_CLEAR(p, n) (p[(n)/BITS] &= ~(0x80>>((n)%BITS)))
#define BIT_ISSET(p, n) (p[(n)/BITS] &   (0x80>>((n)%BITS)))