如何设置、清除和切换一点?
当前回答
比特场方法在嵌入式领域还有其他优势。您可以定义直接映射到特定硬件寄存器中的位的结构。
struct HwRegister {
unsigned int errorFlag:1; // one-bit flag field
unsigned int Mode:3; // three-bit mode field
unsigned int StatusCode:4; // four-bit status code
};
struct HwRegister CR3342_AReg;
您需要注意位打包顺序-我认为它首先是MSB,但这可能取决于实现。此外,验证编译器处理程序字段如何跨越字节边界。
然后,您可以像以前一样读取、写入和测试各个值。
其他回答
将第n位设置为x(位值),不使用-1
有时,当您不确定-1或类似的结果时,您可能希望在不使用-1的情况下设置第n位:
number = (((number | (1 << n)) ^ (1 << n))) | (x << n);
解释:((number |(1<<n)将第n位设置为1(其中|表示逐位OR),然后使用(…)^(1<<n)将将第n个位设置为0,最后通过(…)|x<<n,将第n比特设置为0(位值)x。
这也适用于戈朗。
我使用头文件中定义的宏来处理位集和清除:
/* a=target variable, b=bit number to act upon 0-n */
#define BIT_SET(a,b) ((a) |= (1ULL<<(b)))
#define BIT_CLEAR(a,b) ((a) &= ~(1ULL<<(b)))
#define BIT_FLIP(a,b) ((a) ^= (1ULL<<(b)))
#define BIT_CHECK(a,b) (!!((a) & (1ULL<<(b)))) // '!!' to make sure this returns 0 or 1
#define BITMASK_SET(x, mask) ((x) |= (mask))
#define BITMASK_CLEAR(x, mask) ((x) &= (~(mask)))
#define BITMASK_FLIP(x, mask) ((x) ^= (mask))
#define BITMASK_CHECK_ALL(x, mask) (!(~(x) & (mask)))
#define BITMASK_CHECK_ANY(x, mask) ((x) & (mask))
下面是我使用的一些宏:
SET_FLAG(Status, Flag) ((Status) |= (Flag))
CLEAR_FLAG(Status, Flag) ((Status) &= ~(Flag))
INVALID_FLAGS(ulFlags, ulAllowed) ((ulFlags) & ~(ulAllowed))
TEST_FLAGS(t,ulMask, ulBit) (((t)&(ulMask)) == (ulBit))
IS_FLAG_SET(t,ulMask) TEST_FLAGS(t,ulMask,ulMask)
IS_FLAG_CLEAR(t,ulMask) TEST_FLAGS(t,ulMask,0)
如果您想在Linux内核中使用C编程执行所有操作,那么我建议使用Linux内核的标准API。
看见https://www.kernel.org/doc/htmldocs/kernel-api/ch02s03.html
set_bit Atomically set a bit in memory
clear_bit Clears a bit in memory
change_bit Toggle a bit in memory
test_and_set_bit Set a bit and return its old value
test_and_clear_bit Clear a bit and return its old value
test_and_change_bit Change a bit and return its old value
test_bit Determine whether a bit is set
注意:这里整个操作在一个步骤中完成。因此,即使在SMP计算机上,这些都保证是原子的,并且是有用的以保持处理器之间的一致性。
模板版本(放在头文件中),支持更改多位(适用于AVR微控制器btw):
namespace bit {
template <typename T1, typename T2>
constexpr inline T1 bitmask(T2 bit)
{return (T1)1 << bit;}
template <typename T1, typename T3, typename ...T2>
constexpr inline T1 bitmask(T3 bit, T2 ...bits)
{return ((T1)1 << bit) | bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
/** Set these bits (others retain their state) */
template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
constexpr inline void set (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits)
{variable |= bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
/** Set only these bits (others will be cleared) */
template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
constexpr inline void setOnly (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits)
{variable = bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
/** Clear these bits (others retain their state) */
template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
constexpr inline void clear (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits)
{variable &= ~bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
/** Flip these bits (others retain their state) */
template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
constexpr inline void flip (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits)
{variable ^= bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
/** Check if any of these bits are set */
template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
constexpr inline bool isAnySet(const T1 &variable, T2 ...bits)
{return variable & bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
/** Check if all these bits are set */
template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
constexpr inline bool isSet (const T1 &variable, T2 ...bits)
{return ((variable & bitmask<T1>(bits...)) == bitmask<T1>(bits...));}
/** Check if all these bits are not set */
template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
constexpr inline bool isNotSet (const T1 &variable, T2 ...bits)
{return ((variable & bitmask<T1>(bits...)) != bitmask<T1>(bits...));}
}
使用示例:
#include <iostream>
#include <bitset> // for console output of binary values
// and include the code above of course
using namespace std;
int main() {
uint8_t v = 0b1111'1100;
bit::set(v, 0);
cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;
bit::clear(v, 0,1);
cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;
bit::flip(v, 0,1);
cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;
bit::clear(v, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7);
cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;
bit::flip(v, 0,7);
cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;
}
BTW:如果不向编译器发送优化器参数(例如:-O3),则不使用constexpr和inline。请随时尝试以下代码https://godbolt.org/并查看ASM输出。