如何设置、清除和切换一点?


当前回答

比特场方法在嵌入式领域还有其他优势。您可以定义直接映射到特定硬件寄存器中的位的结构。

struct HwRegister {
    unsigned int errorFlag:1;  // one-bit flag field
    unsigned int Mode:3;       // three-bit mode field
    unsigned int StatusCode:4;  // four-bit status code
};

struct HwRegister CR3342_AReg;

您需要注意位打包顺序-我认为它首先是MSB,但这可能取决于实现。此外,验证编译器处理程序字段如何跨越字节边界。

然后,您可以像以前一样读取、写入和测试各个值。

其他回答

模板版本(放在头文件中),支持更改多位(适用于AVR微控制器btw):

namespace bit {
  template <typename T1, typename T2>
  constexpr inline T1 bitmask(T2 bit) 
  {return (T1)1 << bit;}
  template <typename T1, typename T3, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline T1 bitmask(T3 bit, T2 ...bits) 
  {return ((T1)1 << bit) | bitmask<T1>(bits...);}

  /** Set these bits (others retain their state) */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline void set (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {variable |= bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Set only these bits (others will be cleared) */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline void setOnly (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {variable = bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Clear these bits (others retain their state) */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline void clear (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {variable &= ~bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Flip these bits (others retain their state) */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline void flip (T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {variable ^= bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Check if any of these bits are set */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline bool isAnySet(const T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {return variable & bitmask<T1>(bits...);}
  /** Check if all these bits are set */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline bool isSet (const T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {return ((variable & bitmask<T1>(bits...)) == bitmask<T1>(bits...));}
  /** Check if all these bits are not set */
  template <typename T1, typename ...T2>
  constexpr inline bool isNotSet (const T1 &variable, T2 ...bits) 
  {return ((variable & bitmask<T1>(bits...)) != bitmask<T1>(bits...));}
}

使用示例:

#include <iostream>
#include <bitset> // for console output of binary values

// and include the code above of course

using namespace std;

int main() {
  uint8_t v = 0b1111'1100;
  bit::set(v, 0);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;

  bit::clear(v, 0,1);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;

  bit::flip(v, 0,1);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;

  bit::clear(v, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;

  bit::flip(v, 0,7);
  cout << bitset<8>(v) << endl;
}

BTW:如果不向编译器发送优化器参数(例如:-O3),则不使用constexpr和inline。请随时尝试以下代码https://godbolt.org/并查看ASM输出。

有时值得使用枚举来命名位:

enum ThingFlags = {
  ThingMask  = 0x0000,
  ThingFlag0 = 1 << 0,
  ThingFlag1 = 1 << 1,
  ThingError = 1 << 8,
}

然后稍后使用这些名称,即写

thingstate |= ThingFlag1;
thingstate &= ~ThingFlag0;
if (thing & ThingError) {...}

设置、清除和测试。通过这种方式,您可以对代码的其余部分隐藏神奇的数字。

除此之外,我支持佩奇·鲁滕的解决方案。

这是我最喜欢的位算术宏,它适用于从无符号字符到size_t的任何类型的无符号整数数组(这是应该有效使用的最大类型):

#define BITOP(a,b,op) \
 ((a)[(size_t)(b)/(8*sizeof *(a))] op ((size_t)1<<((size_t)(b)%(8*sizeof *(a)))))

要设置位:

BITOP(array, bit, |=);

要清除一点:

BITOP(array, bit, &=~);

要切换一位,请执行以下操作:

BITOP(array, bit, ^=);

要测试一点:

if (BITOP(array, bit, &)) ...

etc.

如果你在做很多无聊的事情,你可能会想使用口罩,这会让整个事情变得更快。以下函数速度非常快,而且仍然灵活(它们允许在任何大小的位图中进行位旋转)。

const unsigned char TQuickByteMask[8] =
{
   0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08,
   0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
};


/** Set bit in any sized bit mask.
 *
 * @return    none
 *
 * @param     bit    - Bit number.
 * @param     bitmap - Pointer to bitmap.
 */
void TSetBit( short bit, unsigned char *bitmap)
{
    short n, x;

    x = bit / 8;        // Index to byte.
    n = bit % 8;        // Specific bit in byte.

    bitmap[x] |= TQuickByteMask[n];        // Set bit.
}


/** Reset bit in any sized mask.
 *
 * @return  None
 *
 * @param   bit    - Bit number.
 * @param   bitmap - Pointer to bitmap.
 */
void TResetBit( short bit, unsigned char *bitmap)
{
    short n, x;

    x = bit / 8;        // Index to byte.
    n = bit % 8;        // Specific bit in byte.

    bitmap[x] &= (~TQuickByteMask[n]);    // Reset bit.
}


/** Toggle bit in any sized bit mask.
 *
 * @return   none
 *
 * @param   bit    - Bit number.
 * @param   bitmap - Pointer to bitmap.
 */
void TToggleBit( short bit, unsigned char *bitmap)
{
    short n, x;

    x = bit / 8;        // Index to byte.
    n = bit % 8;        // Specific bit in byte.

    bitmap[x] ^= TQuickByteMask[n];        // Toggle bit.
}


/** Checks specified bit.
 *
 * @return  1 if bit set else 0.
 *
 * @param   bit    - Bit number.
 * @param   bitmap - Pointer to bitmap.
 */
short TIsBitSet( short bit, const unsigned char *bitmap)
{
    short n, x;

    x = bit / 8;    // Index to byte.
    n = bit % 8;    // Specific bit in byte.

    // Test bit (logigal AND).
    if (bitmap[x] & TQuickByteMask[n])
        return 1;

    return 0;
}


/** Checks specified bit.
 *
 * @return  1 if bit reset else 0.
 *
 * @param   bit    - Bit number.
 * @param   bitmap - Pointer to bitmap.
 */
short TIsBitReset( short bit, const unsigned char *bitmap)
{
    return TIsBitSet(bit, bitmap) ^ 1;
}


/** Count number of bits set in a bitmap.
 *
 * @return   Number of bits set.
 *
 * @param    bitmap - Pointer to bitmap.
 * @param    size   - Bitmap size (in bits).
 *
 * @note    Not very efficient in terms of execution speed. If you are doing
 *        some computationally intense stuff you may need a more complex
 *        implementation which would be faster (especially for big bitmaps).
 *        See (http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html).
 */
int TCountBits( const unsigned char *bitmap, int size)
{
    int i, count = 0;

    for (i=0; i<size; i++)
        if (TIsBitSet(i, bitmap))
            count++;

    return count;
}

注意,要在16位整数中设置位“n”,请执行以下操作:

TSetBit( n, &my_int);

这取决于你确保比特数在你通过的位图范围内。请注意,对于字节、字、dword、qword等的小端处理器,它们在内存中正确地相互映射(小端处理器比大端处理器“更好”的主要原因,啊,我感觉到一场火焰大战即将到来…)。

使用标准C++库:std::bitset<N>。

或者Boost版本:Boost::dynamic_bitset。

没有必要自己动手:

#include <bitset>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::bitset<5> x;

    x[1] = 1;
    x[2] = 0;
    // Note x[0-4]  valid

    std::cout << x << std::endl;
}

[Alpha:] > ./a.out
00010

与标准库编译时大小的位集相比,Boost版本允许运行时大小的比特集。