如何从Ruby程序内部调用shell命令?然后如何将这些命令的输出返回到Ruby中?
当前回答
您可以使用如下格式方法打印一些信息:
puts format('%s', `ps`)
puts format('%d MB', (`ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i / 1024))
其他回答
如果您有一个比普通情况更复杂的情况,不能用' '来处理,那么请检查Kernel.spawn()。这似乎是Ruby提供的用于执行外部命令的最通用/功能最齐全的程序。
你可以用它来:
创建进程组(Windows)。 重定向进,出,错误文件/彼此。 设置env vars, umask。 执行命令前请更换目录。 设置CPU/数据等资源限制。 在其他答案中做其他选项可以做的所有事情,但需要更多的代码。
Ruby文档中有足够好的例子:
env: hash
name => val : set the environment variable
name => nil : unset the environment variable
command...:
commandline : command line string which is passed to the standard shell
cmdname, arg1, ... : command name and one or more arguments (no shell)
[cmdname, argv0], arg1, ... : command name, argv[0] and zero or more arguments (no shell)
options: hash
clearing environment variables:
:unsetenv_others => true : clear environment variables except specified by env
:unsetenv_others => false : dont clear (default)
process group:
:pgroup => true or 0 : make a new process group
:pgroup => pgid : join to specified process group
:pgroup => nil : dont change the process group (default)
create new process group: Windows only
:new_pgroup => true : the new process is the root process of a new process group
:new_pgroup => false : dont create a new process group (default)
resource limit: resourcename is core, cpu, data, etc. See Process.setrlimit.
:rlimit_resourcename => limit
:rlimit_resourcename => [cur_limit, max_limit]
current directory:
:chdir => str
umask:
:umask => int
redirection:
key:
FD : single file descriptor in child process
[FD, FD, ...] : multiple file descriptor in child process
value:
FD : redirect to the file descriptor in parent process
string : redirect to file with open(string, "r" or "w")
[string] : redirect to file with open(string, File::RDONLY)
[string, open_mode] : redirect to file with open(string, open_mode, 0644)
[string, open_mode, perm] : redirect to file with open(string, open_mode, perm)
[:child, FD] : redirect to the redirected file descriptor
:close : close the file descriptor in child process
FD is one of follows
:in : the file descriptor 0 which is the standard input
:out : the file descriptor 1 which is the standard output
:err : the file descriptor 2 which is the standard error
integer : the file descriptor of specified the integer
io : the file descriptor specified as io.fileno
file descriptor inheritance: close non-redirected non-standard fds (3, 4, 5, ...) or not
:close_others => false : inherit fds (default for system and exec)
:close_others => true : dont inherit (default for spawn and IO.popen)
还有一个选择:
当你:
需要stderr和stdout 不能/不会使用Open3/Open4(他们在我的Mac上的NetBeans中抛出异常,不知道为什么)
你可以使用shell重定向:
puts %x[cat bogus.txt].inspect
=> ""
puts %x[cat bogus.txt 2>&1].inspect
=> "cat: bogus.txt: No such file or directory\n"
从MS-DOS的早期开始,2>&1语法就适用于Linux、Mac和Windows。
在我看来,这是关于在Ruby中运行shell脚本的最好的文章:“在Ruby中运行shell命令的6种方法”。
如果您只需要获得输出,请使用反勾号。
我需要更高级的东西,比如STDOUT和STDERR,所以我使用了Open4 gem。这里已经解释了所有的方法。
下面是一个基于“何时在Ruby中使用启动子进程的每种方法”的流程图。另请参见“欺骗应用程序,使其误以为标准输出是终端,而不是管道”。
上面的答案已经非常棒了,但是我真的很想分享下面的总结文章:“在Ruby中运行Shell命令的6种方法”
基本上,它告诉我们:
# exec内核:
exec 'echo "hello $HOSTNAME"'
System和$?:
system 'false'
puts $?
Backticks ():
today = `date`
IO # execlp:
IO.popen("date") { |f| puts f.gets }
Open3#popen3—stdlib:
require "open3"
stdin, stdout, stderr = Open3.popen3('dc')
Open4#popen4—一个宝石:
require "open4"
pid, stdin, stdout, stderr = Open4::popen4 "false" # => [26327, #<IO:0x6dff24>, #<IO:0x6dfee8>, #<IO:0x6dfe84>]