如何从Ruby程序内部调用shell命令?然后如何将这些命令的输出返回到Ruby中?


当前回答

如果您有一个比普通情况更复杂的情况,不能用' '来处理,那么请检查Kernel.spawn()。这似乎是Ruby提供的用于执行外部命令的最通用/功能最齐全的程序。

你可以用它来:

创建进程组(Windows)。 重定向进,出,错误文件/彼此。 设置env vars, umask。 执行命令前请更换目录。 设置CPU/数据等资源限制。 在其他答案中做其他选项可以做的所有事情,但需要更多的代码。

Ruby文档中有足够好的例子:

env: hash
  name => val : set the environment variable
  name => nil : unset the environment variable
command...:
  commandline                 : command line string which is passed to the standard shell
  cmdname, arg1, ...          : command name and one or more arguments (no shell)
  [cmdname, argv0], arg1, ... : command name, argv[0] and zero or more arguments (no shell)
options: hash
  clearing environment variables:
    :unsetenv_others => true   : clear environment variables except specified by env
    :unsetenv_others => false  : dont clear (default)
  process group:
    :pgroup => true or 0 : make a new process group
    :pgroup => pgid      : join to specified process group
    :pgroup => nil       : dont change the process group (default)
  create new process group: Windows only
    :new_pgroup => true  : the new process is the root process of a new process group
    :new_pgroup => false : dont create a new process group (default)
  resource limit: resourcename is core, cpu, data, etc.  See Process.setrlimit.
    :rlimit_resourcename => limit
    :rlimit_resourcename => [cur_limit, max_limit]
  current directory:
    :chdir => str
  umask:
    :umask => int
  redirection:
    key:
      FD              : single file descriptor in child process
      [FD, FD, ...]   : multiple file descriptor in child process
    value:
      FD                        : redirect to the file descriptor in parent process
      string                    : redirect to file with open(string, "r" or "w")
      [string]                  : redirect to file with open(string, File::RDONLY)
      [string, open_mode]       : redirect to file with open(string, open_mode, 0644)
      [string, open_mode, perm] : redirect to file with open(string, open_mode, perm)
      [:child, FD]              : redirect to the redirected file descriptor
      :close                    : close the file descriptor in child process
    FD is one of follows
      :in     : the file descriptor 0 which is the standard input
      :out    : the file descriptor 1 which is the standard output
      :err    : the file descriptor 2 which is the standard error
      integer : the file descriptor of specified the integer
      io      : the file descriptor specified as io.fileno
  file descriptor inheritance: close non-redirected non-standard fds (3, 4, 5, ...) or not
    :close_others => false : inherit fds (default for system and exec)
    :close_others => true  : dont inherit (default for spawn and IO.popen)

其他回答

我喜欢的方法是使用%x文字,这使得在命令中使用引号很容易(而且易读!),如下所示:

directorylist = %x[find . -name '*test.rb' | sort]

在这种情况下,它将填充当前目录下的所有测试文件的文件列表,您可以按照预期进行处理:

directorylist.each do |filename|
  filename.chomp!
  # work with file
end

backticks(')方法是在Ruby中调用shell命令最简单的方法。它返回shell命令的结果:

     url_request = 'http://google.com'
     result_of_shell_command = `curl #{url_request}`

不要忘记使用spawn命令创建一个后台进程来执行指定的命令。你甚至可以使用Process类和返回的pid来等待它的完成:

pid = spawn("tar xf ruby-2.0.0-p195.tar.bz2")
Process.wait pid

pid = spawn(RbConfig.ruby, "-eputs'Hello, world!'")
Process.wait pid

文档说:这个方法类似于#system,但它不会等待命令完成。

我最喜欢的是Open3

  require "open3"

  Open3.popen3('nroff -man') { |stdin, stdout, stderr| ... }

给定像attrib这样的命令:

require 'open3'

a="attrib"
Open3.popen3(a) do |stdin, stdout, stderr|
  puts stdout.read
end

我发现,虽然这种方法不像

system("thecommand")

or

`thecommand`

在反引号中,与其他方法相比,此方法的一个优点是 反勾号似乎不让我把我运行的命令/存储我想要运行的命令在一个变量中,而system(" command")似乎不让我得到输出,而这个方法让我做这两件事,它让我访问stdin, stdout和stderr独立。

参见“在ruby中执行命令”和ruby的Open3文档。