如何从Ruby程序内部调用shell命令?然后如何将这些命令的输出返回到Ruby中?
当前回答
如果您有一个比普通情况更复杂的情况,不能用' '来处理,那么请检查Kernel.spawn()。这似乎是Ruby提供的用于执行外部命令的最通用/功能最齐全的程序。
你可以用它来:
创建进程组(Windows)。 重定向进,出,错误文件/彼此。 设置env vars, umask。 执行命令前请更换目录。 设置CPU/数据等资源限制。 在其他答案中做其他选项可以做的所有事情,但需要更多的代码。
Ruby文档中有足够好的例子:
env: hash
name => val : set the environment variable
name => nil : unset the environment variable
command...:
commandline : command line string which is passed to the standard shell
cmdname, arg1, ... : command name and one or more arguments (no shell)
[cmdname, argv0], arg1, ... : command name, argv[0] and zero or more arguments (no shell)
options: hash
clearing environment variables:
:unsetenv_others => true : clear environment variables except specified by env
:unsetenv_others => false : dont clear (default)
process group:
:pgroup => true or 0 : make a new process group
:pgroup => pgid : join to specified process group
:pgroup => nil : dont change the process group (default)
create new process group: Windows only
:new_pgroup => true : the new process is the root process of a new process group
:new_pgroup => false : dont create a new process group (default)
resource limit: resourcename is core, cpu, data, etc. See Process.setrlimit.
:rlimit_resourcename => limit
:rlimit_resourcename => [cur_limit, max_limit]
current directory:
:chdir => str
umask:
:umask => int
redirection:
key:
FD : single file descriptor in child process
[FD, FD, ...] : multiple file descriptor in child process
value:
FD : redirect to the file descriptor in parent process
string : redirect to file with open(string, "r" or "w")
[string] : redirect to file with open(string, File::RDONLY)
[string, open_mode] : redirect to file with open(string, open_mode, 0644)
[string, open_mode, perm] : redirect to file with open(string, open_mode, perm)
[:child, FD] : redirect to the redirected file descriptor
:close : close the file descriptor in child process
FD is one of follows
:in : the file descriptor 0 which is the standard input
:out : the file descriptor 1 which is the standard output
:err : the file descriptor 2 which is the standard error
integer : the file descriptor of specified the integer
io : the file descriptor specified as io.fileno
file descriptor inheritance: close non-redirected non-standard fds (3, 4, 5, ...) or not
:close_others => false : inherit fds (default for system and exec)
:close_others => true : dont inherit (default for spawn and IO.popen)
其他回答
我喜欢的方法是使用%x文字,这使得在命令中使用引号很容易(而且易读!),如下所示:
directorylist = %x[find . -name '*test.rb' | sort]
在这种情况下,它将填充当前目录下的所有测试文件的文件列表,您可以按照预期进行处理:
directorylist.each do |filename|
filename.chomp!
# work with file
end
backticks(')方法是在Ruby中调用shell命令最简单的方法。它返回shell命令的结果:
url_request = 'http://google.com'
result_of_shell_command = `curl #{url_request}`
不要忘记使用spawn命令创建一个后台进程来执行指定的命令。你甚至可以使用Process类和返回的pid来等待它的完成:
pid = spawn("tar xf ruby-2.0.0-p195.tar.bz2")
Process.wait pid
pid = spawn(RbConfig.ruby, "-eputs'Hello, world!'")
Process.wait pid
文档说:这个方法类似于#system,但它不会等待命令完成。
我最喜欢的是Open3
require "open3"
Open3.popen3('nroff -man') { |stdin, stdout, stderr| ... }
给定像attrib这样的命令:
require 'open3'
a="attrib"
Open3.popen3(a) do |stdin, stdout, stderr|
puts stdout.read
end
我发现,虽然这种方法不像
system("thecommand")
or
`thecommand`
在反引号中,与其他方法相比,此方法的一个优点是 反勾号似乎不让我把我运行的命令/存储我想要运行的命令在一个变量中,而system(" command")似乎不让我得到输出,而这个方法让我做这两件事,它让我访问stdin, stdout和stderr独立。
参见“在ruby中执行命令”和ruby的Open3文档。