我有一个nxm个由非负整数组成的矩阵。例如:
2 3 4 7 1
1 5 2 6 2
4 3 4 2 1
2 1 2 4 1
3 1 3 4 1
2 1 4 3 2
6 9 1 6 4
“投下炸弹”会使目标细胞及其所有八个邻居的数量减少一个，直到最小值为零。
x x x
x X x
x x x
什么样的算法可以确定将所有细胞减少到零所需的最少炸弹数量?
B选项(因为我不是一个细心的读者)
事实上，问题的第一个版本并不是我要寻找的答案。我没有仔细阅读整个任务，有额外的约束条件，让我们说:
那么简单的问题是，当行中的序列必须是非递增的:
8 7 6 6 5是可能的输入序列
7 8 5 5 2是不可能的，因为7 -> 8在一个序列中增长。
也许为“简单”的问题找到答案会有助于为更难的问题找到解决方案。
PS:我相信当我们有几个相同的情况需要最少的炸弹来清除上面的线时，我们会选择在“左侧”使用最多炸弹的一个。还有什么证据是正确的吗?
当前回答
你可以把这个问题表示成整数规划问题。(这只是解决这个问题的一种可能的方法)
有分:
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
我们可以写出16个方程其中以点f为例
f <= ai + bi + ci + ei + fi + gi + ii + ji + ki
最小化所有索引的总和和整数解。
解当然是这些指标的和。
这可以通过将所有xi设置为边界0来进一步简化，因此在本例中最终得到4+1方程。
问题是没有解决这类问题的简单算法。我不是这方面的专家，但解决这个问题作为线性规划是NP困难。
其他回答
使用分支和定界的数学整数线性规划
As it has already been mentioned, this problem can be solved using integer linear programming (which is NP-Hard). Mathematica already has ILP built in. "To solve an integer linear programming problem Mathematica first solves the equational constraints, reducing the problem to one containing inequality constraints only. Then it uses lattice reduction techniques to put the inequality system in a simpler form. Finally, it solves the simplified optimization problem using a branch-and-bound method." [see Constrained Optimization Tutorial in Mathematica.. ]
我写了下面的代码，利用ILP库的Mathematica。它的速度快得惊人。
solveMatrixBombProblem[problem_, r_, c_] :=
Module[{},
bombEffect[x_, y_, m_, n_] :=
Table[If[(i == x || i == x - 1 || i == x + 1) && (j == y ||
j == y - 1 || j == y + 1), 1, 0], {i, 1, m}, {j, 1, n}];
bombMatrix[m_, n_] :=
Transpose[
Table[Table[
Part[bombEffect[(i - Mod[i, n])/n + 1, Mod[i, n] + 1, m,
n], (j - Mod[j, n])/n + 1, Mod[j, n] + 1], {j, 0,
m*n - 1}], {i, 0, m*n - 1}]];
X := x /@ Range[c*r];
sol = Minimize[{Total[X],
And @@ Thread[bombMatrix[r, c].X >= problem] &&
And @@ Thread[X >= 0] && Total[X] <= 10^100 &&
Element[X, Integers]}, X];
Print["Minimum required bombs = ", sol[[1]]];
Print["A possible solution = ",
MatrixForm[
Table[x[c*i + j + 1] /. sol[[2]], {i, 0, r - 1}, {j, 0,
c - 1}]]];]
对于问题中提供的示例:
solveMatrixBombProblem[{2, 3, 4, 7, 1, 1, 5, 2, 6, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 4, 1, 3, 1, 3, 4, 1, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 6, 9, 1, 6, 4}, 7, 5]
输出
对于那些用贪婪算法读这篇文章的人
在下面这个10x10的问题上试试你的代码:
5 20 7 1 9 8 19 16 11 3
17 8 15 17 12 4 5 16 8 18
4 19 12 11 9 7 4 15 14 6
17 20 4 9 19 8 17 2 10 8
3 9 10 13 8 9 12 12 6 18
16 16 2 10 7 12 17 11 4 15
11 1 15 1 5 11 3 12 8 3
7 11 16 19 17 11 20 2 5 19
5 18 2 17 7 14 19 11 1 6
13 20 8 4 15 10 19 5 11 12
这里用逗号分隔:
5, 20, 7, 1, 9, 8, 19, 16, 11, 3, 17, 8, 15, 17, 12, 4, 5, 16, 8, 18, 4, 19, 12, 11, 9, 7, 4, 15, 14, 6, 17, 20, 4, 9, 19, 8, 17, 2, 10, 8, 3, 9, 10, 13, 8, 9, 12, 12, 6, 18, 16, 16, 2, 10, 7, 12, 17, 11, 4, 15, 11, 1, 15, 1, 5, 11, 3, 12, 8, 3, 7, 11, 16, 19, 17, 11, 20, 2, 5, 19, 5, 18, 2, 17, 7, 14, 19, 11, 1, 6, 13, 20, 8, 4, 15, 10, 19, 5, 11, 12
对于这个问题，我的解决方案包含208个炸弹。这里有一个可能的解决方案(我能够在大约12秒内解决这个问题)。
作为一种测试Mathematica产生结果的方法，看看你的贪婪算法是否能做得更好。
这是对第一个问题的回答。我没有注意到他改变了参数。
创建一个所有目标的列表。根据掉落物品(掉落物品本身和所有邻居)影响的正数值的数量为目标分配一个值。最高值是9。
根据受影响目标的数量(降序)对目标进行排序，对每个受影响目标的和进行二次降序排序。
向排名最高的目标投掷炸弹，然后重新计算目标，直到所有目标值都为零。
同意，这并不总是最优的。例如,
100011
011100
011100
011100
000000
100011
这种方法需要5枚炸弹才能清除。最理想的情况是，你可以在4分钟内完成。不过,很 非常接近，没有回头路。在大多数情况下，这将是最优的，或者非常接近。
使用原来的问题数，该方法解决28个炸弹。
添加代码来演示这种方法(使用带有按钮的表单):
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int[,] matrix = new int[10, 10] {{5, 20, 7, 1, 9, 8, 19, 16, 11, 3},
{17, 8, 15, 17, 12, 4, 5, 16, 8, 18},
{ 4, 19, 12, 11, 9, 7, 4, 15, 14, 6},
{ 17, 20, 4, 9, 19, 8, 17, 2, 10, 8},
{ 3, 9, 10, 13, 8, 9, 12, 12, 6, 18},
{16, 16, 2, 10, 7, 12, 17, 11, 4, 15},
{ 11, 1, 15, 1, 5, 11, 3, 12, 8, 3},
{ 7, 11, 16, 19, 17, 11, 20, 2, 5, 19},
{ 5, 18, 2, 17, 7, 14, 19, 11, 1, 6},
{ 13, 20, 8, 4, 15, 10, 19, 5, 11, 12}};
int value = 0;
List<Target> Targets = GetTargets(matrix);
while (Targets.Count > 0)
{
BombTarget(ref matrix, Targets[0]);
value += 1;
Targets = GetTargets(matrix);
}
Console.WriteLine( value);
MessageBox.Show("done: " + value);
}
private static void BombTarget(ref int[,] matrix, Target t)
{
for (int a = t.x - 1; a <= t.x + 1; a++)
{
for (int b = t.y - 1; b <= t.y + 1; b++)
{
if (a >= 0 && a <= matrix.GetUpperBound(0))
{
if (b >= 0 && b <= matrix.GetUpperBound(1))
{
if (matrix[a, b] > 0)
{
matrix[a, b] -= 1;
}
}
}
}
}
Console.WriteLine("Dropped bomb on " + t.x + "," + t.y);
}
private static List<Target> GetTargets(int[,] matrix)
{
List<Target> Targets = new List<Target>();
int width = matrix.GetUpperBound(0);
int height = matrix.GetUpperBound(1);
for (int x = 0; x <= width; x++)
{
for (int y = 0; y <= height; y++)
{
Target t = new Target();
t.x = x;
t.y = y;
SetTargetValue(matrix, ref t);
if (t.value > 0) Targets.Add(t);
}
}
Targets = Targets.OrderByDescending(x => x.value).ThenByDescending( x => x.sum).ToList();
return Targets;
}
private static void SetTargetValue(int[,] matrix, ref Target t)
{
for (int a = t.x - 1; a <= t.x + 1; a++)
{
for (int b = t.y - 1; b <= t.y + 1; b++)
{
if (a >= 0 && a <= matrix.GetUpperBound(0))
{
if (b >= 0 && b <= matrix.GetUpperBound(1))
{
if (matrix[ a, b] > 0)
{
t.value += 1;
t.sum += matrix[a,b];
}
}
}
}
}
}
你需要的一个类:
class Target
{
public int value;
public int sum;
public int x;
public int y;
}
到目前为止，一些答案给出了指数时间，一些涉及动态规划。我怀疑这些是否有必要。
我的解是O(mnS)其中m和n是板子的维度，S是所有整数的和。这个想法相当野蛮:找到每次可以杀死最多的位置，并在0处终止。
对于给定的棋盘，它给出28步棋，并且在每次落子后打印出棋盘。
完整的，不言自明的代码:
import java.util.Arrays;
public class BombMinDrops {
private static final int[][] BOARD = {{2,3,4,7,1}, {1,5,2,6,2}, {4,3,4,2,1}, {2,1,2,4,1}, {3,1,3,4,1}, {2,1,4,3,2}, {6,9,1,6,4}};
private static final int ROWS = BOARD.length;
private static final int COLS = BOARD[0].length;
private static int remaining = 0;
private static int dropCount = 0;
static {
for (int i = 0; i < ROWS; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < COLS; j++) {
remaining = remaining + BOARD[i][j];
}
}
}
private static class Point {
int x, y;
int kills;
Point(int x, int y, int kills) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.kills = kills;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return dropCount + "th drop at [" + x + ", " + y + "] , killed " + kills;
}
}
private static int countPossibleKills(int x, int y) {
int count = 0;
for (int row = x - 1; row <= x + 1; row++) {
for (int col = y - 1; col <= y + 1; col++) {
try {
if (BOARD[row][col] > 0) count++;
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {/*ignore*/}
}
}
return count;
}
private static void drop(Point here) {
for (int row = here.x - 1; row <= here.x + 1; row++) {
for (int col = here.y - 1; col <= here.y + 1; col++) {
try {
if (BOARD[row][col] > 0) BOARD[row][col]--;
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {/*ignore*/}
}
}
dropCount++;
remaining = remaining - here.kills;
print(here);
}
public static void solve() {
while (remaining > 0) {
Point dropWithMaxKills = new Point(-1, -1, -1);
for (int i = 0; i < ROWS; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < COLS; j++) {
int possibleKills = countPossibleKills(i, j);
if (possibleKills > dropWithMaxKills.kills) {
dropWithMaxKills = new Point(i, j, possibleKills);
}
}
}
drop(dropWithMaxKills);
}
System.out.println("Total dropped: " + dropCount);
}
private static void print(Point drop) {
System.out.println(drop.toString());
for (int[] row : BOARD) {
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(row));
}
System.out.println();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
solve();
}
}
这是一个广度搜索，通过这个“迷宫”的位置寻找最短路径(一系列轰炸)。不，我不能证明没有更快的算法，抱歉。
#!/usr/bin/env python
M = ((1,2,3,4),
(2,3,4,5),
(5,2,7,4),
(2,3,5,8))
def eachPossibleMove(m):
for y in range(1, len(m)-1):
for x in range(1, len(m[0])-1):
if (0 == m[y-1][x-1] == m[y-1][x] == m[y-1][x+1] ==
m[y][x-1] == m[y][x] == m[y][x+1] ==
m[y+1][x-1] == m[y+1][x] == m[y+1][x+1]):
continue
yield x, y
def bomb(m, (mx, my)):
return tuple(tuple(max(0, m[y][x]-1)
if mx-1 <= x <= mx+1 and my-1 <= y <= my+1
else m[y][x]
for x in range(len(m[y])))
for y in range(len(m)))
def findFirstSolution(m, path=[]):
# print path
# print m
if sum(map(sum, m)) == 0: # empty?
return path
for move in eachPossibleMove(m):
return findFirstSolution(bomb(m, move), path + [ move ])
def findShortestSolution(m):
black = {}
nextWhite = { m: [] }
while nextWhite:
white = nextWhite
nextWhite = {}
for position, path in white.iteritems():
for move in eachPossibleMove(position):
nextPosition = bomb(position, move)
nextPath = path + [ move ]
if sum(map(sum, nextPosition)) == 0: # empty?
return nextPath
if nextPosition in black or nextPosition in white:
continue # ignore, found that one before
nextWhite[nextPosition] = nextPath
def main(argv):
if argv[1] == 'first':
print findFirstSolution(M)
elif argv[1] == 'shortest':
print findShortestSolution(M)
else:
raise NotImplementedError(argv[1])
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(main(sys.argv))
你可以使用状态空间规划。 例如，使用A*(或其变体之一)加上启发式f = g + h，如下所示:
G:到目前为止投下的炸弹数量 H:网格中所有值的总和除以9(这是最好的结果，意味着我们有一个可接受的启发式)
