我理解这种结构是如何运作的:

for i in range(10):
    print(i)

    if i == 9:
        print("Too big - I'm giving up!")
        break
else:
    print("Completed successfully")

但我不明白为什么在这里使用else作为关键字,因为它表明有问题的代码只在for块未完成时运行,这与它所做的相反!无论我怎么想,我的大脑都不能从for语句无缝地过渡到else语句块。对我来说,continue和continuouswith更有意义(我正试着训练自己这样读它)。

我想知道Python程序员是如何在头脑中(或者大声地,如果你喜欢)阅读这个结构的。也许我遗漏了一些可以使这些代码块更容易破译的东西?


这个问题是关于底层设计决策的,也就是说,为什么能够编写这些代码是有用的。另请参阅Python while语句中的Else子句,了解语法含义的具体问题。


当前回答

这里是搜索之外的另一个惯用用例。假设您希望等待一个条件为真,例如,远程服务器上的一个端口打开,并伴有一些超时。然后你可以利用一点时间…其他结构如下:

import socket
import time

sock = socket.socket()
timeout = time.time() + 15
while time.time() < timeout:
    if sock.connect_ex(('127.0.0.1', 80)) is 0:
        print('Port is open now!')
        break
    print('Still waiting...')
else:
    raise TimeoutError()

其他回答

这里的else关键字可能会让人困惑,正如许多人指出的那样,像nobreak, notbreak这样的关键字更合适。

为了理解……其他的……从逻辑上讲,将它与try进行比较……Else,不是if…Else…,大多数python程序员都熟悉以下代码:

try:
    do_something()
except:
    print("Error happened.") # The try block threw an exception
else:
    print("Everything is find.") # The try block does things just find.

类似地,可以将break视为一种特殊的异常:

for x in iterable:
    do_something(x)
except break:
    pass # Implied by Python's loop semantics
else:
    print('no break encountered')  # No break statement was encountered

不同之处在于python暗示除了break,你不能把它写出来,所以它变成:

for x in iterable:
    do_something(x)
else:
    print('no break encountered')  # No break statement was encountered

是的,我知道这种比较可能会很困难和令人厌倦,但它确实澄清了困惑。

我把它读成这样:“当可迭代对象完全耗尽时,在完成for语句后,执行即将继续执行下一个语句,else子句将被执行。”因此,当迭代被break打断时,这将不会执行。

else语句块中的代码将在for循环未被打破时执行。

for x in xrange(1,5):
    if x == 5:
        print 'find 5'
        break
else:
    print 'can not find 5!'
#can not find 5!

来自文档:break和continue语句,以及循环中的else子句

Loop statements may have an else clause; it is executed when the loop terminates through exhaustion of the list (with for) or when the condition becomes false (with while), but not when the loop is terminated by a break statement. This is exemplified by the following loop, which searches for prime numbers: >>> for n in range(2, 10): ... for x in range(2, n): ... if n % x == 0: ... print(n, 'equals', x, '*', n//x) ... break ... else: ... # loop fell through without finding a factor ... print(n, 'is a prime number') ... 2 is a prime number 3 is a prime number 4 equals 2 * 2 5 is a prime number 6 equals 2 * 3 7 is a prime number 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 (Yes, this is the correct code. Look closely: the else clause belongs to the for loop, not the if statement.) When used with a loop, the else clause has more in common with the else clause of a try statement than it does that of if statements: a try statement’s else clause runs when no exception occurs, and a loop’s else clause runs when no break occurs. For more on the try statement and exceptions, see Handling Exceptions. The continue statement, also borrowed from C, continues with the next iteration of the loop: >>> for num in range(2, 10): ... if num % 2 == 0: ... print("Found an even number", num) ... continue ... print("Found a number", num) Found an even number 2 Found a number 3 Found an even number 4 Found a number 5 Found an even number 6 Found a number 7 Found an even number 8 Found a number 9

这里是搜索之外的另一个惯用用例。假设您希望等待一个条件为真,例如,远程服务器上的一个端口打开,并伴有一些超时。然后你可以利用一点时间…其他结构如下:

import socket
import time

sock = socket.socket()
timeout = time.time() + 15
while time.time() < timeout:
    if sock.connect_ex(('127.0.0.1', 80)) is 0:
        print('Port is open now!')
        break
    print('Still waiting...')
else:
    raise TimeoutError()

我想知道Python程序员是如何在头脑中(或者大声地,如果你喜欢)阅读这个结构的。

我只是在脑子里想:

“否则就没有中断……”

就是这样!

这是因为else子句只在for循环中没有遇到break语句时才执行。

参考:

请看这里:https://book.pythontips.com/en/latest/for_-_else.html#else-clause(强调添加,“not”改为“not”):

For循环还有一个我们大多数人都不熟悉的else子句。else子句在循环正常完成后执行。这意味着循环没有遇到break语句。


话虽如此,我还是不建议使用该语言的这个不同寻常的特性。不要在for循环之后使用else子句。这让大多数人感到困惑,并减慢了他们阅读和理解代码的能力。