20年前:面向对象编程——更好地处理软件复杂性。

现在:云计算——为了更好地处理硬件复杂性。

未来:说明性的东西，但它还需要20年。

一些回答提到了量子计算机，好像它们还在遥远的未来，但我不敢苟同。

There were vague mentions of possibility of quantum computers in 1970s and 1980s (see timeline on Wikipedia), however the first "working" 3-qubit NMR quantum computer was built in 1998. The field is still in infancy, and almost all progress is still theoretical and confined to academia, but in 2007 company called D-Wave Systems presented a prototype of a working 16-qubit, and later during the year 28-qubit adiabatic quantum computer. Their effort is notable since they claim that their technology is commercially viable and scalable. As of 2010, they have 7 rigs, current generation of their chips has 128 qubits. They seem to have partnered with Google to find interesting problems to test their hardware on.

我推荐这段简短的24分钟视频和维基百科上关于D-Wave的文章作为快速概述，在这个由D-Wave创始人和首席财务官撰写的博客上有更多的资源。

上世纪八十年代初，施乐帕洛阿尔托研究中心对计算机蠕虫进行了研究。

摘自John Shoch和Jon Hupp的“蠕虫”程序——分布式计算的早期经验”(ACM通讯，1982年3月，第25卷第3期，172-180页，1982年3月):

In The Shockwave Rider, J. Brunner developed the notion of an omnipotent "tapeworm" program running loose through a network of computers - an idea which may seem rather disturbing, but which is also quite beyond our current capabilities. The basic model, however, remains a very provocative one: a program or a computation that can move from machine to machine, harnessing resources as needed, and replicating itself when necessary. In a similar vein, we once described a computational model based upon the classic science-fiction film, The Blob: a program that started out running in one machine, but as its appetite for computing cycles grew, it could reach out, find unused machines, and grow to encompass those resources. In the middle of the night, such a program could mobilize hundreds of machines in one building; in the morning, as users reclaimed their machines, the "blob" would have to retreat in an orderly manner, gathering up the intermediate results of its computation. Holed up in one or two machines during the day, the program could emerge again later as resources became available, again expanding the computation. (This affinity for nighttime exploration led one researcher to describe these as "vampire programs.")

引用艾伦·凯的话:“预测未来最好的方法就是创造未来。”

函数式编程研究者对单子的重新发现。单子有助于让一种纯粹的、懒惰的语言(Haskell)成为一种实用的工具;它还影响了组合子库的设计(一元解析器组合子甚至在Python中找到了自己的方式)。

Moggi的“程序模块的范畴理论解释”(1989)通常被认为是将单子引入有效计算的观点;Wadler的作品(例如，“命令式函数式编程”(1993))将单子作为实用工具。

计算机图形学，特殊效果和3D动画

电可擦可编程存储器，概括为非易失性读/写存储器，目前最著名和最普遍的是Flash。 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM列出了这个发明于1984年。

通过赋予存储介质与处理单元相同的物理特性、功率要求、大小和稳定性，我们消除了在设计处理器位置时的限制因素。这扩大了我们如何以及在何处为如此多的智能设备(以及以前根本不被认为是智能的东西)赋予“智能”的可能性，以至于我们仍然被这股浪潮所吸引。Mp3播放器只是其中的一小部分。