我使用构造函数模式来创建新的错误对象。我定义了原型链，比如Error实例。请参阅MDN错误构造函数参考。

你可以查看这段关于要点的片段。

实现

// Creates user-defined exceptions
var CustomError = (function() {
  'use strict';

  //constructor
  function CustomError() {
    //enforces 'new' instance
    if (!(this instanceof CustomError)) {
      return new CustomError(arguments);
    }
    var error,
      //handles the arguments object when is passed by enforcing a 'new' instance
      args = Array.apply(null, typeof arguments[0] === 'object' ? arguments[0] : arguments),
      message = args.shift() || 'An exception has occurred';

    //builds the message with multiple arguments
    if (~message.indexOf('}')) {
      args.forEach(function(arg, i) {
        message = message.replace(RegExp('\\{' + i + '}', 'g'), arg);
      });
    }

    //gets the exception stack
    error = new Error(message);
    //access to CustomError.prototype.name
    error.name = this.name;

    //set the properties of the instance
    //in order to resemble an Error instance
    Object.defineProperties(this, {
      stack: {
        enumerable: false,
        get: function() { return error.stack; }
      },
      message: {
        enumerable: false,
        value: message
      }
    });
  }

  // Creates the prototype and prevents the direct reference to Error.prototype;
  // Not used new Error() here because an exception would be raised here,
  // but we need to raise the exception when CustomError instance is created.
  CustomError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype, {
    //fixes the link to the constructor (ES5)
    constructor: setDescriptor(CustomError),
    name: setDescriptor('JSU Error')
  });

  function setDescriptor(value) {
    return {
      configurable: false,
      enumerable: false,
      writable: false,
      value: value
    };
  }

  //returns the constructor
  return CustomError;
}());

使用

CustomError构造函数可以接收许多参数来构建消息，例如:

var err1 = new CustomError("The url of file is required"),
    err2 = new CustomError("Invalid Date: {0}", +"date"),
    err3 = new CustomError("The length must be greater than {0}", 4),
    err4 = new CustomError("Properties .{0} and .{1} don't exist", "p1", "p2");

throw err4;

这是自定义错误的样子:

我也遇到过类似的问题。我的错误需要是error和NotImplemented的实例，它还需要在控制台中产生一致的回溯。

我的解决方案:

var NotImplemented = (function() {
  var NotImplemented, err;
  NotImplemented = (function() {
    function NotImplemented(message) {
      var err;
      err = new Error(message);
      err.name = "NotImplemented";
      this.message = err.message;
      if (err.stack) this.stack = err.stack;
    }
    return NotImplemented;
  })();
  err = new Error();
  err.name = "NotImplemented";
  NotImplemented.prototype = err;

  return NotImplemented;
}).call(this);

// TEST:
console.log("instanceof Error: " + (new NotImplemented() instanceof Error));
console.log("instanceof NotImplemented: " + (new NotImplemented() instanceofNotImplemented));
console.log("message: "+(new NotImplemented('I was too busy').message));
throw new NotImplemented("just didn't feel like it");

使用node.js运行的结果:

instanceof Error: true
instanceof NotImplemented: true
message: I was too busy

/private/tmp/t.js:24
throw new NotImplemented("just didn't feel like it");
      ^
NotImplemented: just didn't feel like it
    at Error.NotImplemented (/Users/colin/projects/gems/jax/t.js:6:13)
    at Object.<anonymous> (/Users/colin/projects/gems/jax/t.js:24:7)
    at Module._compile (module.js:449:26)
    at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:467:10)
    at Module.load (module.js:356:32)
    at Function.Module._load (module.js:312:12)
    at Module.runMain (module.js:487:10)
    at process.startup.processNextTick.process._tickCallback (node.js:244:9)

该错误通过了我的所有3个标准，尽管stack属性是非标准的，但在大多数较新的浏览器中都支持它，这在我的情况下是可以接受的。

根据Joyent的说法，你不应该乱搞堆栈属性(我在这里给出的很多答案中看到了)，因为它会对性能产生负面影响。他们是这么说的:

Stack:一般来说，不要搞砸这个。甚至不要扩大它。V8只在有人实际读取属性时才计算它，这极大地提高了可处理错误的性能。如果读取属性只是为了扩充它，即使调用者不需要堆栈，最终也会付出代价。

我喜欢并想要提到他们的想法，包装原始错误，这是一个很好的替代传递堆栈。

下面是我如何创建一个自定义错误，考虑到上面提到的:

es5版本:

function RError(options) { options = options || {}; // eslint-disable-line no-param-reassign this.name = options.name; this.message = options.message; this.cause = options.cause; // capture stack (this property is supposed to be treated as private) this._err = new Error(); // create an iterable chain this.chain = this.cause ? [this].concat(this.cause.chain) : [this]; } RError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype, { constructor: { value: RError, writable: true, configurable: true } }); Object.defineProperty(RError.prototype, 'stack', { get: function stack() { return this.name + ': ' + this.message + '\n' + this._err.stack.split('\n').slice(2).join('\n'); } }); Object.defineProperty(RError.prototype, 'why', { get: function why() { var _why = this.name + ': ' + this.message; for (var i = 1; i < this.chain.length; i++) { var e = this.chain[i]; _why += ' <- ' + e.name + ': ' + e.message; } return _why; } }); // usage function fail() { throw new RError({ name: 'BAR', message: 'I messed up.' }); } function failFurther() { try { fail(); } catch (err) { throw new RError({ name: 'FOO', message: 'Something went wrong.', cause: err }); } } try { failFurther(); } catch (err) { console.error(err.why); console.error(err.stack); console.error(err.cause.stack); }

es6版本:

class RError extends Error { constructor({name, message, cause}) { super(); this.name = name; this.message = message; this.cause = cause; } [Symbol.iterator]() { let current = this; let done = false; const iterator = { next() { const val = current; if (done) { return { value: val, done: true }; } current = current.cause; if (!val.cause) { done = true; } return { value: val, done: false }; } }; return iterator; } get why() { let _why = ''; for (const e of this) { _why += `${_why.length ? ' <- ' : ''}${e.name}: ${e.message}`; } return _why; } } // usage function fail() { throw new RError({ name: 'BAR', message: 'I messed up.' }); } function failFurther() { try { fail(); } catch (err) { throw new RError({ name: 'FOO', message: 'Something went wrong.', cause: err }); } } try { failFurther(); } catch (err) { console.error(err.why); console.error(err.stack); console.error(err.cause.stack); }

我已经把我的解决方案放到了一个模块中，这里是:https://www.npmjs.com/package/rerror

function InvalidValueError(value, type) {
    this.message = "Expected `" + type.name + "`: " + value;
    var error = new Error(this.message);
    this.stack = error.stack;
}
InvalidValueError.prototype = new Error();
InvalidValueError.prototype.name = InvalidValueError.name;
InvalidValueError.prototype.constructor = InvalidValueError;

这部分的标准可以解释为什么错误。Apply调用不会初始化对象:

15.11.1错误构造函数作为函数调用 当Error作为函数而不是构造函数调用时，它会创建和 初始化一个新的Error对象。因此函数调用Error(…)是 等价于对象创建表达式new Error(… 相同的参数。

在这种情况下，Error函数可能确定它没有作为构造函数被调用，因此它返回一个新的Error实例，而不是初始化this对象。

用下面的代码进行测试似乎证明了这就是实际发生的情况:

function NotImplementedError() { 
   var returned = Error.apply(this, arguments);
   console.log("returned.message = '" + returned.message + "'");
   console.log("this.message = '" + this.message + "'");
}
NotImplementedError.prototype = new Error();

var nie = new NotImplementedError("some message");

运行此命令时输出如下:

returned.message = 'some message'
this.message = ''

尝试为用户定义的错误类型的每个实例创建一个新的原型对象。它允许instanceof检查像往常一样运行，并且在Firefox和V8 (Chome, nodejs)中正确报告类型和消息。

function NotImplementedError(message){
    if(NotImplementedError.innercall===undefined){
        NotImplementedError.innercall = true;
        NotImplementedError.prototype = new Error(message);
        NotImplementedError.prototype.name = "NotImplementedError";
        NotImplementedError.prototype.constructor = NotImplementedError;

        return new NotImplementedError(message);
    }
    delete NotImplementedError.innercall;
}

注意，一个额外的条目将在正确的堆栈之前。