是否可以在ES6类中创建私有属性?
举个例子。 如何阻止访问instance.property?
class Something {
constructor(){
this.property = "test";
}
}
var instance = new Something();
console.log(instance.property); //=> "test"
是否可以在ES6类中创建私有属性?
举个例子。 如何阻止访问instance.property?
class Something {
constructor(){
this.property = "test";
}
}
var instance = new Something();
console.log(instance.property); //=> "test"
当前回答
是的,在名称前面加上#,并将其包含在类定义中,而不仅仅是构造函数中。
MDN文档
真正的私人财产终于在ES2022中加入。截至2023-01-01,私有属性(字段和方法)在所有主要浏览器中已经支持至少一年了,但5-10%的用户仍然使用旧的浏览器[我可以使用吗]。
例子:
class Person {
#age
constructor(name) {
this.name = name; // this is public
this.#age = 20; // this is private
}
greet() {
// here we can access both name and age
console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${this.#age}`);
}
}
let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();
// here we can access name but not age
以下是在es2022之前的环境中保持属性私有的方法,其中有各种权衡。
作用域的变量
这里的方法是使用构造函数的私有作用域来存储私有数据。对于能够访问这些私有数据的方法,它们也必须在构造函数中创建,这意味着您将在每个实例中重新创建它们。这是一个性能和内存损失,但它可能是可以接受的。对于不需要访问私有数据的方法,可以通过以正常方式声明它们来避免这种惩罚。
例子:
class Person {
constructor(name) {
let age = 20; // this is private
this.name = name; // this is public
this.greet = () => {
// here we can access both name and age
console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${age}`);
};
}
anotherMethod() {
// here we can access name but not age
}
}
let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();
// here we can access name but not age
作用域WeakMap
A WeakMap can be used to improve the performance of the above approach, in exchange for even more clutter. WeakMaps associate data with Objects (here, class instances) in such a way that it can only be accessed using that WeakMap. So, we use the scoped variables method to create a private WeakMap, then use that WeakMap to retrieve private data associated with this. This is faster than the scoped variables method because all your instances can share a single WeakMap, so you don't need to recreate methods just to make them access their own WeakMaps.
例子:
let Person = (function () {
let privateProps = new WeakMap();
return class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name; // this is public
privateProps.set(this, {age: 20}); // this is private
}
greet() {
// Here we can access both name and age
console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${privateProps.get(this).age}`);
}
};
})();
let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();
// here we can access name but not age
这个例子使用一个带有对象键的WeakMap来为多个私有属性使用一个WeakMap;你也可以像privateAge一样使用多个弱地图。set(this, 20),或者写一个小包装器并以另一种方式使用它,如privateProps。Set (this, 'age', 0)。
这种方法的私密性理论上可以通过篡改全局WeakMap对象来破坏。也就是说,所有JavaScript都可能被损坏的全局变量破坏。
(这个方法也可以用Map,但WeakMap更好,因为Map会造成内存泄漏,除非你非常小心,在这个目的上,两者并没有什么不同。)
半回答:范围符号
Symbol是一种基本值类型,可以作为属性名而不是字符串。您可以使用scoped变量方法来创建一个私有Symbol,然后将私有数据存储在这个[mySymbol]中。
使用Object可以破坏该方法的私密性。getOwnPropertySymbols,但是这样做有点尴尬。
例子:
let Person = (() => {
let ageKey = Symbol();
return class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name; // this is public
this[ageKey] = 20; // this is intended to be private
}
greet() {
// Here we can access both name and age
console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${this[ageKey]}`);
}
}
})();
let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();
// Here we can access joe's name and, with a little effort, age. We can’t
// access ageKey directly, but we can obtain it by listing all Symbol
// properties on `joe` with `Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(joe)`.
注意,使用Object.defineProperty使属性不可枚举并不会阻止它被包含在Object.getOwnPropertySymbols中。
Half-Answer:强调
旧的约定是只使用带有下划线前缀的公共属性。这并没有使它保持隐私,但它确实很好地与读者沟通,他们应该将其视为隐私,这通常可以完成工作。作为交换,我们得到了一种比其他变通方法更容易阅读、更容易输入和更快的方法。
例子:
class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name; // this is public
this._age = 20; // this is intended to be private
}
greet() {
// Here we can access both name and age
console.log(`name: ${this.name}, age: ${this._age}`);
}
}
let joe = new Person('Joe');
joe.greet();
// Here we can access both joe's name and age. But we know we aren't
// supposed to access his age, which just might stop us.
总结
ES2022:很棒,但还不是所有访问者都支持 作用域变量:私有、较慢、笨拙 作用域弱映射:可攻击,尴尬 范围符号:可枚举和可破解,有点尴尬 强调:只是要求隐私,没有其他缺点
其他回答
来这个派对很晚,但我在搜索中碰到了OP问题,所以… 是的,您可以通过将类声明包装在闭包中来拥有私有属性
这里有一个我如何在这个代码依赖中拥有私有方法的例子。在下面的代码片段中,Subscribable类有两个“私有”函数process和processCallbacks。任何属性都可以以这种方式添加,并且通过使用闭包将它们保持为私有。如果关注点被很好地分离,并且Javascript不需要通过添加更多的语法而变得臃肿,当闭包整齐地完成工作时,隐私是一个罕见的需求。
const Subscribable = (function(){
const process = (self, eventName, args) => {
self.processing.set(eventName, setTimeout(() => processCallbacks(self, eventName, args)))};
const processCallbacks = (self, eventName, args) => {
if (self.callingBack.get(eventName).length > 0){
const [nextCallback, ...callingBack] = self.callingBack.get(eventName);
self.callingBack.set(eventName, callingBack);
process(self, eventName, args);
nextCallback(...args)}
else {
delete self.processing.delete(eventName)}};
return class {
constructor(){
this.callingBack = new Map();
this.processing = new Map();
this.toCallbacks = new Map()}
subscribe(eventName, callback){
const callbacks = this.unsubscribe(eventName, callback);
this.toCallbacks.set(eventName, [...callbacks, callback]);
return () => this.unsubscribe(eventName, callback)} // callable to unsubscribe for convenience
unsubscribe(eventName, callback){
let callbacks = this.toCallbacks.get(eventName) || [];
callbacks = callbacks.filter(subscribedCallback => subscribedCallback !== callback);
if (callbacks.length > 0) {
this.toCallbacks.set(eventName, callbacks)}
else {
this.toCallbacks.delete(eventName)}
return callbacks}
emit(eventName, ...args){
this.callingBack.set(eventName, this.toCallbacks.get(eventName) || []);
if (!this.processing.has(eventName)){
process(this, eventName, args)}}}})();
我喜欢这种方法,因为它很好地分离了关注点,并保持了真正的私密性。唯一的缺点是需要使用'self'(或类似的东西)在私有内容中引用'this'。
读了前面的答案,我认为这个例子可以总结以上的解决方案
const friend = Symbol('friend');
const ClassName = ((hidden, hiddenShared = 0) => {
class ClassName {
constructor(hiddenPropertyValue, prop){
this[hidden] = hiddenPropertyValue * ++hiddenShared;
this.prop = prop
}
get hidden(){
console.log('getting hidden');
return this[hidden];
}
set [friend](v){
console.log('setting hiddenShared');
hiddenShared = v;
}
get counter(){
console.log('getting hiddenShared');
return hiddenShared;
}
get privileged(){
console.log('calling privileged method');
return privileged.bind(this);
}
}
function privileged(value){
return this[hidden] + value;
}
return ClassName;
})(Symbol('hidden'), 0);
const OtherClass = (() => class OtherClass extends ClassName {
constructor(v){
super(v, 100);
this[friend] = this.counter - 1;
}
})();
更新
现在有可能使真正的私有属性和方法(至少在基于chrome的浏览器现在)。
语法非常简洁
class MyClass {
#privateProperty = 1
#privateMethod() { return 2 }
static #privateStatic = 3
static #privateStaticMethod(){return 4}
static get #privateStaticGetter(){return 5}
// also using is quite straightforward
method(){
return (
this.#privateMethod() +
this.#privateProperty +
MyClass.#privateStatic +
MyClass.#privateStaticMethod() +
MyClass.#privateStaticGetter
)
}
}
new MyClass().method()
// returns 15
注意,对于检索静态引用,不能使用this.constructor。#private,因为它会终止它的子类。你必须使用一个对适当类的引用来检索它的静态私有引用(只能在该类的方法中使用),即MyClass.#private。
甚至Typescript也做不到。从他们的文档来看:
当成员被标记为private时,就不能从其包含类的外部访问它。例如: 动物类{ 私有名称:字符串; 构造函数(名称:字符串){this.name =名称;} } 新的动物(猫). name;//错误:'name'是private;
但在他们的操场上,这说明:
var Animal = (function () {
function Animal(theName) {
this.name = theName;
}
return Animal;
}());
console.log(new Animal("Cat").name);
所以他们的“私人”关键字是无效的。
另一种方式类似于上两个帖子
class Example {
constructor(foo) {
// privates
const self = this;
this.foo = foo;
// public interface
return self.public;
}
public = {
// empty data
nodata: { data: [] },
// noop
noop: () => {},
}
// everything else private
bar = 10
}
const test = new Example('FOO');
console.log(test.foo); // undefined
console.log(test.noop); // { data: [] }
console.log(test.bar); // undefined
更新:一个语法更好的提案正在酝酿中。欢迎投稿。
是的,对于对象的作用域访问,ES6引入了符号。
符号是唯一的,你不能从外部访问一个,除非通过反射(就像Java/ c#中的私有),但任何有权访问内部符号的人都可以使用它进行键访问:
var property = Symbol();
class Something {
constructor(){
this[property] = "test";
}
}
var instance = new Something();
console.log(instance.property); //=> undefined, can only access with access to the Symbol