总结一下(不仅仅是Java，很多语言都是如此):

“assert”主要被软件开发人员在调试过程中用作调试辅助。断言消息永远不会出现。许多语言提供了一个编译时选项，该选项将导致所有“断言”被忽略，用于生成“生产”代码。

"exceptions" are a handy way to handle all kinds of error conditions, whether or not they represent logic errors, because, if you run into an error-condition such that you cannot continue, you can simply "throw them up into the air," from wherever you are, expecting someone else out there to be ready to "catch" them. Control is transferred in one step, straight from the code that threw the exception, straight to the catcher's mitt. (And the catcher can see the complete backtrace of calls that had taken place.)

此外，该子例程的调用者不必检查子例程是否成功:“如果我们现在在这里，它一定成功了，因为否则它会抛出异常，我们现在就不会在这里!”这种简单的策略使得代码设计和调试变得非常非常容易。

异常方便地允许致命错误条件保持原样:“规则的异常”。而且，对于它们来说，由代码路径来处理，这也是“规则的例外……“高飞球!”

Assert在开发时非常有用。当代码正常工作时，某些事情就不能发生。它易于使用，并且可以永远保留在代码中，因为在现实生活中它将被关闭。

如果这种情况在现实生活中有任何可能发生，那么您必须处理它。

我喜欢它，但不知道如何在Eclipse/Android/ADT中打开它。即使在调试时，它也似乎是关闭的。(有一个关于这个的线程，但它指的是“Java虚拟机”，它不会出现在ADT运行配置中)。

除了这里提供的所有很棒的答案之外，官方Java SE 7编程指南还提供了关于使用assert的非常简洁的手册;通过几个准确的例子，说明了何时使用断言是一个好主意(重要的是，也是坏主意)，以及它与抛出异常有何不同。

Link

一个真实的例子，来自一个stack类(来自Java文章中的断言)

public int pop() {
   // precondition
   assert !isEmpty() : "Stack is empty";
   return stack[--num];
}

这是另一个例子。我写了一个方法来查找两个排序数组中值的中位数。该方法假设数组已经排序。出于性能考虑，它不应该首先对数组排序，甚至不应该检查以确保它们已排序。然而，对未排序的数据调用此方法是一个严重的错误，我们希望在开发阶段尽早发现这些错误。下面是我处理这些看似矛盾的目标的方法:

public static int medianOf(int[] a, int[] b) {
  assert assertionOnlyIsSorted(a);      // Assertion is order n
  assert assertionOnlyIsSorted(b);
  ... // rest of implementation goes here. Algorithm is order log(n)
}

public static boolean assertionOnlyIsSorted(int[] array) {
  for (int i=1; i<array.length; ++i) {
    if (array[i] < array[i-1]) {
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  }
}

这样，缓慢的测试只在开发阶段执行，在开发阶段，速度没有捕获错误重要。您希望medianOf()方法具有log(n)性能，但“is sorted”测试是o (n)。因此，我将其放在断言中，以限制其在开发阶段的使用，并为其命名，以明确表示它不适合生产。

这样我就两全其美了。在开发过程中，我知道任何不正确地调用这个函数的方法都会被捕获并修复。而且我知道这样做的缓慢测试不会影响生产中的性能。(这也很好地说明了为什么要在生产环境中关闭断言，而在开发环境中启用断言。)

下面是我在Hibernate/SQL项目的服务器中编写的断言。一个实体bean有两个有效的布尔属性，称为isActive和isDefault。每个都可以有一个值“Y”或“N”或null，被视为“N”。我们希望确保浏览器客户端仅限于这三个值。所以，在这两个属性的setter中，我添加了这样的断言:

assert new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("Y", "N", null)).contains(value) : value;

注意以下几点。

This assertion is for the development phase only. If the client sends a bad value, we will catch that early and fix it, long before we reach production. Assertions are for defects that you can catch early. This assertion is slow and inefficient. That's okay. Assertions are free to be slow. We don't care because they're development-only tools. This won't slow down the production code because assertions will be disabled. (There's some disagreement on this point, which I'll get to later.) This leads to my next point. This assertion has no side effects. I could have tested my value against an unmodifiable static final Set, but that set would have stayed around in production, where it would never get used. This assertion exists to verify the proper operation of the client. So by the time we reach production, we will be sure that the client is operating properly, so we can safely turn the assertion off. Some people ask this: If the assertion isn't needed in production, why not just take them out when you're done? Because you'll still need them when you start working on the next version.

Some people have argued that you should never use assertions, because you can never be sure that all the bugs are gone, so you need to keep them around even in production. And so there's no point in using the assert statement, since the only advantage to asserts is that you can turn them off. Hence, according to this thinking, you should (almost) never use asserts. I disagree. It's certainly true that if a test belongs in production, you should not use an assert. But this test does not belong in production. This one is for catching a bug that's not likely to ever reach production, so it may safely be turned off when you're done.

顺便说一句，我可以这样写:

assert value == null || value.equals("Y") || value.equals("N") : value;

对于只有三个值是可以的，但是如果可能值的数量变大，HashSet版本就会变得更方便。我选择HashSet版本来说明我关于效率的观点。