这篇文章涵盖了相当广泛的主题: http://www.phptherightway.com/pages/Design-Patterns.html#singleton

Note the following: The constructor __construct() is declared as protected to prevent creating a new instance outside of the class via the new operator. The magic method __clone() is declared as private to prevent cloning of an instance of the class via the clone operator. The magic method __wakeup() is declared as private to prevent unserializing of an instance of the class via the global function unserialize(). A new instance is created via late static binding in the static creation method getInstance() with the keyword static. This allows the subclassing of the class Singleton in the example.

PHP 5.3允许通过后期静态绑定创建可继承的单例类:

class Singleton
{
    protected static $instance = null;

    protected function __construct()
    {
        //Thou shalt not construct that which is unconstructable!
    }

    protected function __clone()
    {
        //Me not like clones! Me smash clones!
    }

    public static function getInstance()
    {
        if (!isset(static::$instance)) {
            static::$instance = new static;
        }
        return static::$instance;
    }
}

这解决了一个问题，在PHP 5.3之前，任何扩展了Singleton的类都会生成父类的实例，而不是它自己的实例。

现在你可以做:

class Foobar extends Singleton {};
$foo = Foobar::getInstance();

$foo将是Foobar的一个实例而不是Singleton的一个实例。

数据库类，检查是否有任何现有的数据库实例，它将返回先前的实例。

   class Database {  
        public static $instance;  
         public static function getInstance(){  
            if(!isset(Database::$instance) ) {  
                Database::$instance = new Database();  
            }  
           return Database::$instance;  
         }  
         private function __cunstruct() {  
           /* private and cant create multiple objects */  
         }  
         public function getQuery(){  
            return "Test Query Data";  
         }  
    }  
    $dbObj = Database::getInstance();  
    $dbObj2 = Database::getInstance();  
    var_dump($dbObj);  
    var_dump($dbObj2);  


/* 
After execution you will get following output: 

object(Database)[1] 
object(Database)[1] 

*/  

Ref http://www.phptechi.com/php-singleton-design-patterns-example.html

我喜欢使用trait的@jose-segura方法，但不喜欢在子类上定义静态变量的需要。下面是一个解决方案，通过将实例缓存在一个静态局部变量中到按类名索引的工厂方法中来避免这种情况:

<?php
trait Singleton {

  # Single point of entry for creating a new instance. For a given
  # class always returns the same instance.
  public static function instance(){
    static $instances = array();
    $class = get_called_class();
    if( !isset($instances[$class]) ) $instances[$class] = new $class();
    return $instances[$class];
  }

  # Kill traditional methods of creating new instances
  protected function __clone() {}
  protected function __construct() {}
}

用法与@jose-segura相同，只是在子类中不需要静态变量。

这是在数据库类上创建单例的例子

设计模式 1)单

class Database{
  public static $instance;
  public static function getInstance(){
    if(!isset(Database::$instance)){
    Database::$instance=new Database();

     return Database::$instance;
    }

  }

  $db=Database::getInstance();
  $db2=Database::getInstance();
  $db3=Database::getInstance();

  var_dump($db);
  var_dump($db2);
  var_dump($db3);

那么输出是

  object(Database)[1]
  object(Database)[1]
  object(Database)[1]

只使用单个实例，不要创建3个实例

class Database{

        //variable to hold db connection
        private $db;
        //note we used static variable,beacuse an instance cannot be used to refer this
        public static $instance;

        //note constructor is private so that classcannot be instantiated
        private function __construct(){
          //code connect to database  

         }     

         //to prevent loop hole in PHP so that the class cannot be cloned
        private function __clone() {}

        //used static function so that, this can be called from other classes
        public static function getInstance(){

            if( !(self::$instance instanceof self) ){
                self::$instance = new self();           
            }
             return self::$instance;
        }


        public function query($sql){
            //code to run the query
        }

    }


Access the method getInstance using
$db = Singleton::getInstance();
$db->query();