这可能会引起争议，但“包含总是，扩展有时是”是一个非常常见的误解，现在几乎已经取代了事实上的含义。以下是一个正确的方法(在我看来，并与雅各布森、福勒、拉尔曼和其他10个参考文献进行了对比)。

关系是依赖关系

包含和扩展用例关系的关键是要认识到，与UML的其余部分一样，用例之间的虚线箭头是一种依赖关系。我将使用术语“基本”、“包含”和“扩展”来指代用例角色。

包括

A base use case is dependent on the included use case(s); without it/them the base use case is incomplete as the included use case(s) represent sub-sequences of the interaction that may happen always OR sometimes. (This is contrary to a popular misconception about this, what your use case suggests always happens in the main scenario and sometimes happens in alternate flows simply depends on what you choose as your main scenario; use cases can easily be restructured to represent a different flow as the main scenario and this should not matter).

在单向依赖的最佳实践中，基本用例知道(并引用)被包含的用例，但被包含的用例不应该“知道”基本用例。这就是为什么包含的用例可以是:a)它们自己的基本用例和b)由许多基本用例共享。

扩展

扩展用例依赖于基本用例;它从字面上扩展了基本用例所描述的行为。基本用例本身应该是一个完全功能的用例(当然包括了)，没有扩展用例的附加功能。

扩展用例可以在以下几种情况下使用:

The base use case represents the “must have” functionality of a project while the extending use case represents optional (should/could/want) behavior. This is where the term optional is relevant – optional whether to build/deliver rather than optional whether it sometimes runs as part of the base use case sequence. In phase 1 you can deliver the base use case which meets the requirements at that point, and phase 2 will add additional functionality described by the extending use case. This can contain sequences that are always or sometimes performed after phase 2 is delivered (again contrary to popular misconception). It can be used to extract out subsequences of the base use case, especially when they represent ‘exceptional’ complex behavior with its own alternative flows.

需要考虑的一个重要方面是，扩展用例可以在基本用例流中的几个地方“插入”行为，而不是像被包含的用例那样只在一个地方插入。由于这个原因，扩展用例不太可能适合扩展多个基本用例。

至于依赖关系，扩展用例依赖于基本用例，同样是单向依赖，即基本用例不需要序列中任何对扩展用例的引用。这并不意味着您不能演示扩展点或在模板的其他地方向扩展用例添加x-ref，而是基本用例必须能够在没有扩展用例的情况下工作。

总结

我希望我已经说明了“包含总是，扩展有时是”的常见误解要么是错误的，要么充其量是简单的。如果你考虑到误解所呈现的箭头方向的所有问题，这个版本实际上更有意义——在正确的模型中，它只是依赖关系，如果你重构用例内容，它不会潜在地改变。

当用例向另一个一级用例添加步骤时，使用Extend。

例如，假设“提取现金”是自动柜员机(ATM)的一个用例。“评估费用”将扩展提现并描述有条件的“扩展点”，该“扩展点”在ATM用户不在ATM所属机构存入银行时实例化。注意，基本的“Withdraw Cash”用例独立存在，没有扩展。

Include用于提取在多个用例中重复的用例片段。被包含的用例不能独立存在，没有被包含的用例原始的用例是不完整的。这应该谨慎使用，并且只在重复很明显并且是故意存在(而不是巧合)的情况下使用。

例如，在每个ATM用例开始时发生的事件流(当用户放入他们的ATM卡，输入他们的PIN，并显示主菜单时)将是一个很好的包含候选。

<include>和<extend>都依赖于基类，但<extend>是可选的，也就是说，它是从基类派生的，但在用户的角度来看，它可以被使用，也可以不被使用。

<include>被合并到基类中，也就是说，在用例中必须使用<include>，否则它将被认为是不完整的。

eg:

在ATM机构造上(根据用户角度):

1:提现、存现、支票账户属于<extend>，因为它取决于用户是提现、存款还是支票。这些都是用户可以选择做的事情。

2:“输入pin，放置卡片，移除卡片”这些是在<包括>下的事情，因为用户必须，而且应该，放置卡片并输入有效的pin进行验证。

图元素

Actors: Also referred to as Roles. Name and stereotype of an actor can be changed in its Properties tab. Inheritance: Refinement relations between actors. This relation can carry a name and a stereotype. Use cases: These can have Extension Points. Extension Points: This defines a location where an extension can be added. Associations: Between roles and use cases. It is useful to give associations speaking names. Dependencies: Between use cases. Dependencies often have a stereotype to better define the role of the dependency. To select a stereotype, select the dependency from the diagram or the Navigation pane, then change the stereotype in the Properties tab. There are two special kinds of dependencies: <<extend>> and <<include>>, for which Poseidon offers own buttons (see below). Extend relationship: A uni-directional relationship between two use cases. An extend relationship between use case B and use case A means that the behavior of B can be included in A. Include relationship: A uni-directional relationship between two use cases. Such a relationship between use cases A and B means, that the behavior of B is always included in A. System border: The system border is actually not implemented as model element in Poseidon for UML. You can simply draw a rectangle, send it to the background and use it as system border by putting all corresponding use cases inside the rectangle.

当您理解您的用例过于复杂时，可以使用Extends。因此，您将复杂的步骤提取到它们自己的“扩展”用例中。

Includes用于在两个用例中看到相同的行为。因此，您将常见的行为抽象到一个单独的“抽象”用例中。

(参考:Jeffrey L. Whitten, Lonnie D. Bentley，系统分析与设计方法，McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2007)

用例用于记录行为，例如回答这个问题。

一种行为延伸了另一种行为，如果它是行为的补充，但不一定是行为的一部分，例如研究答案。

还要注意的是，如果你不试图回答这个问题，研究答案也没有多大意义。

如果一个行为是包含行为的一部分，则该行为被包含在另一个行为中，例如登录到堆栈交换。

为了澄清，只有当你想在堆栈溢出中回答这个问题时，这个例子才成立。

这些是UML 2.5第671-672页的技术定义。

我强调了我认为重要的几点。

扩展

扩展是一个从扩展UseCase(扩展)到扩展UseCase (extendedCase)的关系 如何以及何时将扩展UseCase中定义的行为插入到扩展UseCase中定义的行为中。 扩展发生在扩展的UseCase中定义的一个或多个特定扩展点上。

当有一些额外的行为应该被添加到行为中时(可能是有条件的)使用Extend 定义在一个或多个用例中。

扩展的UseCase的定义独立于扩展的UseCase，并且具有独立于扩展的意义 UseCase。另一方面，扩展的UseCase通常定义了本身不一定有意义的行为。 相反，扩展的UseCase定义了一组模块化行为增量，以增加扩展UseCase的执行 在特定条件下。

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包括

Include is a DirectedRelationship between two UseCases, indicating that the behavior of the included UseCase (the addition) is inserted into the behavior of the including UseCase (the includingCase). It is also a kind of NamedElement so that it can have a name in the context of its owning UseCase (the includingCase). The including UseCase may depend on the changes produced by executing the included UseCase. The included UseCase must be available for the behavior of the including UseCase to be completely described.

The Include relationship is intended to be used when there are common parts of the behavior of two or more UseCases. This common part is then extracted to a separate UseCase, to be included by all the base UseCases having this part in common. As the primary use of the Include relationship is for reuse of common parts, what is left in a base UseCase is usually not complete in itself but dependent on the included parts to be meaningful. This is reflected in the direction of the relationship, indicating that the base UseCase depends on the addition but not vice versa.

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