Callable和Runnable之间的区别如下:

在JDK 5.0中引入了Callable，而在JDK 1.0中引入了Runnable 可调用对象有call()方法，而Runnable有run()方法。 可调用对象有返回值的call方法，而可运行对象有不返回任何值的run方法。 调用方法可以抛出检查异常，但运行方法不能抛出检查异常。 可调用的使用submit()方法放入任务队列，可运行的使用execute()方法放入任务队列。

当我们使用Executer框架时，Runnable (vs) Callable就出现了。

ExecutorService是Executor的子接口，它接受可运行任务和可调用任务。

早期的多线程可以使用Interface RunnableSince 1.0实现，但这里的问题是在完成线程任务后，我们无法收集线程信息。为了收集数据，我们可以使用静态字段。

使用不同的线程收集每个学生的数据。

static HashMap<String, List> multiTasksData = new HashMap();
public static void main(String[] args) {
    Thread t1 = new Thread( new RunnableImpl(1), "T1" );
    Thread t2 = new Thread( new RunnableImpl(2), "T2" );
    Thread t3 = new Thread( new RunnableImpl(3), "T3" );

    multiTasksData.put("T1", new ArrayList() ); // later get the value and update it.
    multiTasksData.put("T2", new ArrayList() );
    multiTasksData.put("T3", new ArrayList() );
}

为了解决这个问题，他们引入了Callable<V>Since 1.5，它返回一个结果并可能引发异常。

单一抽象方法:可调用接口和可运行接口都有一个单一的抽象方法，这意味着它们可以在java 8的lambda表达式中使用。 可运行的{ 公共无效运行(); } 可调用的<对象> { 公共对象调用()抛出异常; ｝

有几种不同的方法可以将任务委托给ExecutorService执行。

execute(可运行任务):void将新线程装箱，但不会阻塞主线程或调用线程，因为此方法返回void。 未来提交(可调用< ? >):< ?未来>,提交(Runnable): < ?当你使用future.get()时，>板条箱新线程并阻塞主线程。

在Executor框架中使用可运行、可调用接口的例子。

class CallableTask implements Callable<Integer> {
    private int num = 0;
    public CallableTask(int num) {
        this.num = num;
    }
    @Override
    public Integer call() throws Exception {
        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(threadName + " : Started Task...");

        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            System.out.println(i + " : " + threadName + " : " + num);
            num = num + i;
            MainThread_Wait_TillWorkerThreadsComplete.sleep(1);
        }
        System.out.println(threadName + " : Completed Task. Final Value : "+ num);

        return num;
    }
}
class RunnableTask implements Runnable {
    private int num = 0;
    public RunnableTask(int num) {
        this.num = num;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(threadName + " : Started Task...");

        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            System.out.println(i + " : " + threadName + " : " + num);
            num = num + i;
            MainThread_Wait_TillWorkerThreadsComplete.sleep(1);
        }
        System.out.println(threadName + " : Completed Task. Final Value : "+ num);
    }
}
public class MainThread_Wait_TillWorkerThreadsComplete {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        System.out.println("Main Thread start...");
        Instant start = java.time.Instant.now();

        runnableThreads();
        callableThreads();

        Instant end = java.time.Instant.now();
        Duration between = java.time.Duration.between(start, end);
        System.out.format("Time taken : %02d:%02d.%04d \n", between.toMinutes(), between.getSeconds(), between.toMillis()); 

        System.out.println("Main Thread completed...");
    }
    public static void runnableThreads() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
        Future<?> f1 = executor.submit( new RunnableTask(5) );
        Future<?> f2 = executor.submit( new RunnableTask(2) );
        Future<?> f3 = executor.submit( new RunnableTask(1) );

        // Waits until pool-thread complete, return null upon successful completion.
        System.out.println("F1 : "+ f1.get());
        System.out.println("F2 : "+ f2.get());
        System.out.println("F3 : "+ f3.get());

        executor.shutdown();
    }
    public static void callableThreads() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
        Future<Integer> f1 = executor.submit( new CallableTask(5) );
        Future<Integer> f2 = executor.submit( new CallableTask(2) );
        Future<Integer> f3 = executor.submit( new CallableTask(1) );

        // Waits until pool-thread complete, returns the result.
        System.out.println("F1 : "+ f1.get());
        System.out.println("F2 : "+ f2.get());
        System.out.println("F3 : "+ f3.get());

        executor.shutdown();
    }
}

Runnable和Callable在应用程序中的区别是什么?是否只与返回参数在Callable中存在差异?

基本上,是的。请看这个问题的答案。Callable的javadoc。

如果Callable能做Runnable能做的所有事情，那么两者都需要什么呢?

因为Runnable接口不能做Callable所做的所有事情!

Runnable has been around since Java 1.0, but Callable was only introduced in Java 1.5 ... to handle use-cases that Runnable does not support. In theory, the Java team could have changed the signature of the Runnable.run() method, but this would have broken binary compatiblity with pre-1.5 code, requiring recoding when migrating old Java code to newer JVMs. That is a BIG NO-NO. Java strives to be backwards compatible ... and that's been one of Java's biggest selling points for business computing.

显然，在某些用例中，任务不需要返回结果或抛出检查过的异常。对于这些用例，使用Runnable比使用Callable<Void>和从call()方法返回一个虚拟(null)值更简洁。

oracle文档中这些接口的用途:

可运行接口应该由任何类实现，其实例将由线程执行。该类必须定义一个名为run的无参数方法。

可调用:返回结果并可能抛出异常的任务。实现者定义一个不带参数的方法叫做call。 Callable接口与Runnable接口类似，因为两者都是为其实例可能由另一个线程执行的类设计的。然而，Runnable不返回结果，也不能抛出受控异常。

其他的差异:

You can pass Runnable to create a Thread. But you can't create new Thread by passing Callable as parameter. You can pass Callable only to ExecutorService instances. Example: public class HelloRunnable implements Runnable { public void run() { System.out.println("Hello from a thread!"); } public static void main(String args[]) { (new Thread(new HelloRunnable())).start(); } } Use Runnable for fire and forget calls. Use Callable to verify the result. Callable can be passed to invokeAll method unlike Runnable. Methods invokeAny and invokeAll perform the most commonly useful forms of bulk execution, executing a collection of tasks and then waiting for at least one, or all, to complete Trivial difference : method name to be implemented => run() for Runnable and call() for Callable.

可调用接口声明call()方法，您需要提供泛型类型的对象call()应该返回-

public interface Callable<V> {
    /**
     * Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
     *
     * @return computed result
     * @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
     */
    V call() throws Exception;
}

另一方面，Runnable是一个接口，它声明了run()方法，当你创建一个带有Runnable的线程并在其上调用start()时，该方法将被调用。你也可以直接调用run()，但这只是执行run()方法是同一个线程。

public interface Runnable {
    /**
     * When an object implementing interface <code>Runnable</code> is used 
     * to create a thread, starting the thread causes the object's 
     * <code>run</code> method to be called in that separately executing 
     * thread. 
     * <p>
     * The general contract of the method <code>run</code> is that it may 
     * take any action whatsoever.
     *
     * @see     java.lang.Thread#run()
     */
    public abstract void run();
}

综上所述，有几个显著的差异

Runnable对象不返回结果，而Callable对象返回结果。 Runnable对象不能抛出检查异常，而Callable对象可以抛出检查异常 例外。 Runnable接口从Java 1.0开始就已经存在了，而Callable只是被引入的 在Java 1.5中。

相似之处包括

实现Runnable或Callable接口的类实例是潜在的 由另一个线程执行。 可调用接口和可运行接口的实例都可以由ExecutorService通过submit()方法执行。 两者都是功能接口，从Java8开始就可以在Lambda表达式中使用。

ExecutorService接口中的方法是

<T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);
Future<?> submit(Runnable task);
<T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result);

+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|              Runnable                  |                                           Callable<T>                                            |
+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Introduced in Java 1.0 of java.lang    | Introduced in Java 1.5 of java.util.concurrent library                                           |
| Runnable cannot be parametrized        | Callable is a parametrized type whose type parameter indicates the return type of its run method |
| Runnable has run() method              | Callable has call() method                                                                       |
| Runnable.run() returns void            | Callable.call() returns a generic value V                                                        |
| No way to propagate checked exceptions | Callable's call()“throws Exception” clause so we can easily propagate checked exceptions further |                                                                     |
+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Java的设计者觉得有必要扩展Runnable接口的功能，但他们不想影响Runnable接口的使用，这可能就是为什么他们在Java 1.5中使用一个单独的名为Callable的接口，而不是改变已经存在的Runnable接口的原因，因为Runnable接口自Java 1.0以来一直是Java的一部分。源