Runnable和Callable在应用程序中的区别是什么?是否只与返回参数在Callable中存在差异?

基本上,是的。请看这个问题的答案。Callable的javadoc。

如果Callable能做Runnable能做的所有事情，那么两者都需要什么呢?

因为Runnable接口不能做Callable所做的所有事情!

Runnable has been around since Java 1.0, but Callable was only introduced in Java 1.5 ... to handle use-cases that Runnable does not support. In theory, the Java team could have changed the signature of the Runnable.run() method, but this would have broken binary compatiblity with pre-1.5 code, requiring recoding when migrating old Java code to newer JVMs. That is a BIG NO-NO. Java strives to be backwards compatible ... and that's been one of Java's biggest selling points for business computing.

显然，在某些用例中，任务不需要返回结果或抛出检查过的异常。对于这些用例，使用Runnable比使用Callable<Void>和从call()方法返回一个虚拟(null)值更简洁。

请看这里的解释。

Callable接口类似于 可运行的，因为两者都是设计出来的 对于实例为的类 可能由另一个人执行 线程。然而，Runnable则不然 返回结果，且不能抛出 检查异常。

当我们使用Executer框架时，Runnable (vs) Callable就出现了。

ExecutorService是Executor的子接口，它接受可运行任务和可调用任务。

早期的多线程可以使用Interface RunnableSince 1.0实现，但这里的问题是在完成线程任务后，我们无法收集线程信息。为了收集数据，我们可以使用静态字段。

使用不同的线程收集每个学生的数据。

static HashMap<String, List> multiTasksData = new HashMap();
public static void main(String[] args) {
    Thread t1 = new Thread( new RunnableImpl(1), "T1" );
    Thread t2 = new Thread( new RunnableImpl(2), "T2" );
    Thread t3 = new Thread( new RunnableImpl(3), "T3" );

    multiTasksData.put("T1", new ArrayList() ); // later get the value and update it.
    multiTasksData.put("T2", new ArrayList() );
    multiTasksData.put("T3", new ArrayList() );
}

为了解决这个问题，他们引入了Callable<V>Since 1.5，它返回一个结果并可能引发异常。

单一抽象方法:可调用接口和可运行接口都有一个单一的抽象方法，这意味着它们可以在java 8的lambda表达式中使用。 可运行的{ 公共无效运行(); } 可调用的<对象> { 公共对象调用()抛出异常; ｝

有几种不同的方法可以将任务委托给ExecutorService执行。

execute(可运行任务):void将新线程装箱，但不会阻塞主线程或调用线程，因为此方法返回void。 未来提交(可调用< ? >):< ?未来>,提交(Runnable): < ?当你使用future.get()时，>板条箱新线程并阻塞主线程。

在Executor框架中使用可运行、可调用接口的例子。

class CallableTask implements Callable<Integer> {
    private int num = 0;
    public CallableTask(int num) {
        this.num = num;
    }
    @Override
    public Integer call() throws Exception {
        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(threadName + " : Started Task...");

        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            System.out.println(i + " : " + threadName + " : " + num);
            num = num + i;
            MainThread_Wait_TillWorkerThreadsComplete.sleep(1);
        }
        System.out.println(threadName + " : Completed Task. Final Value : "+ num);

        return num;
    }
}
class RunnableTask implements Runnable {
    private int num = 0;
    public RunnableTask(int num) {
        this.num = num;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        String threadName = Thread.currentThread().getName();
        System.out.println(threadName + " : Started Task...");

        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            System.out.println(i + " : " + threadName + " : " + num);
            num = num + i;
            MainThread_Wait_TillWorkerThreadsComplete.sleep(1);
        }
        System.out.println(threadName + " : Completed Task. Final Value : "+ num);
    }
}
public class MainThread_Wait_TillWorkerThreadsComplete {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        System.out.println("Main Thread start...");
        Instant start = java.time.Instant.now();

        runnableThreads();
        callableThreads();

        Instant end = java.time.Instant.now();
        Duration between = java.time.Duration.between(start, end);
        System.out.format("Time taken : %02d:%02d.%04d \n", between.toMinutes(), between.getSeconds(), between.toMillis()); 

        System.out.println("Main Thread completed...");
    }
    public static void runnableThreads() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
        Future<?> f1 = executor.submit( new RunnableTask(5) );
        Future<?> f2 = executor.submit( new RunnableTask(2) );
        Future<?> f3 = executor.submit( new RunnableTask(1) );

        // Waits until pool-thread complete, return null upon successful completion.
        System.out.println("F1 : "+ f1.get());
        System.out.println("F2 : "+ f2.get());
        System.out.println("F3 : "+ f3.get());

        executor.shutdown();
    }
    public static void callableThreads() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
        Future<Integer> f1 = executor.submit( new CallableTask(5) );
        Future<Integer> f2 = executor.submit( new CallableTask(2) );
        Future<Integer> f3 = executor.submit( new CallableTask(1) );

        // Waits until pool-thread complete, returns the result.
        System.out.println("F1 : "+ f1.get());
        System.out.println("F2 : "+ f2.get());
        System.out.println("F3 : "+ f3.get());

        executor.shutdown();
    }
}

我在另一篇博客中发现了这一点，可以更好地解释这些差异:

虽然这两个接口都是由希望在不同的执行线程中执行的类实现的，但这两个接口之间有一些区别:

Callable<V>实例返回类型为V的结果，而Runnable实例则不会。 Callable<V>实例可能会抛出受控异常，而Runnable实例则不会

Java的设计者觉得有必要扩展Runnable接口的功能，但他们不想影响Runnable接口的使用，这可能就是为什么他们在Java 1.5中使用一个名为Callable的单独接口，而不是修改已经存在的Runnable的原因。

+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|              Runnable                  |                                           Callable<T>                                            |
+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Introduced in Java 1.0 of java.lang    | Introduced in Java 1.5 of java.util.concurrent library                                           |
| Runnable cannot be parametrized        | Callable is a parametrized type whose type parameter indicates the return type of its run method |
| Runnable has run() method              | Callable has call() method                                                                       |
| Runnable.run() returns void            | Callable.call() returns a generic value V                                                        |
| No way to propagate checked exceptions | Callable's call()“throws Exception” clause so we can easily propagate checked exceptions further |                                                                     |
+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Java的设计者觉得有必要扩展Runnable接口的功能，但他们不想影响Runnable接口的使用，这可能就是为什么他们在Java 1.5中使用一个单独的名为Callable的接口，而不是改变已经存在的Runnable接口的原因，因为Runnable接口自Java 1.0以来一直是Java的一部分。源

Runnable和Callable在应用程序中的区别是什么?是否只与返回参数在Callable中存在差异?

基本上,是的。请看这个问题的答案。Callable的javadoc。

如果Callable能做Runnable能做的所有事情，那么两者都需要什么呢?

因为Runnable接口不能做Callable所做的所有事情!

Runnable has been around since Java 1.0, but Callable was only introduced in Java 1.5 ... to handle use-cases that Runnable does not support. In theory, the Java team could have changed the signature of the Runnable.run() method, but this would have broken binary compatiblity with pre-1.5 code, requiring recoding when migrating old Java code to newer JVMs. That is a BIG NO-NO. Java strives to be backwards compatible ... and that's been one of Java's biggest selling points for business computing.

显然，在某些用例中，任务不需要返回结果或抛出检查过的异常。对于这些用例，使用Runnable比使用Callable<Void>和从call()方法返回一个虚拟(null)值更简洁。