在我的回答中，我使用了python示例来说明差异。

Stub - Stubbing is a software development technique used to implement methods of classes early in the development life-cycle. They are used commonly as placeholders for implementation of a known interface, where the interface is finalized or known but the implementation is not yet known or finalized. You begin with stubs, which simply means that you only write the definition of a function down and leave the actual code for later. The advantage is that you won't forget methods and you can continue to think about your design while seeing it in code. You can also have your stub return a static response so that the response can be used by other parts of your code immediately. Stub objects provide a valid response, but it's static no matter what input you pass in, you'll always get the same response:

class Foo(object):
    def bar1(self):
        pass

    def bar2(self):
        #or ...
        raise NotImplementedError

    def bar3(self):
        #or return dummy data
        return "Dummy Data"

模拟对象用于模拟测试用例，它们验证在这些对象上调用了某些方法。模拟对象是以可控的方式模拟真实对象行为的模拟对象。您通常创建一个模拟对象来测试其他对象的行为。mock让我们模拟对于单元测试来说不可用或太笨重的资源。

mymodule.py:

import os
import os.path

def rm(filename):
    if os.path.isfile(filename):
        os.remove(filename)

test.py:

from mymodule import rm
import mock
import unittest

class RmTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    @mock.patch('mymodule.os')
    def test_rm(self, mock_os):
        rm("any path")
        # test that rm called os.remove with the right parameters
        mock_os.remove.assert_called_with("any path")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

这是一个非常基本的示例，它只运行rm并断言调用它的参数。您可以对对象使用mock，而不仅仅是这里所示的函数，您还可以返回一个值，这样模拟对象就可以用来替换存根进行测试。

更多关于unittest的信息。模拟，注意python 2。X mock不包含在unittest中，但它是一个可下载的模块，可以通过PIP (PIP install mock)下载。

我还读过Roy Osherove写的《单元测试的艺术》，我认为如果有一本类似的书是用Python和Python示例编写的，那就太棒了。如果有人知道这样的书，请分享。欢呼:)

Stubs vs. Mocks Stubs provide specific answers to methods calls ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just return a String needed by the code under test used by code under test to isolate it cannot fail test ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just returns the stubbed value often implement abstract methods Mocks "superset" of stubs; can assert that certain methods are called ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() is called only once used to test behaviour of code under test can fail test ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() was called once; verification fails, because myMockedService.getValues() was not called by my tested code often mocks interfaces

Stub是实现组件接口的对象，但是Stub可以配置为返回适合测试的值，而不是返回调用时组件将返回的值。使用存根，单元测试可以测试一个单元是否可以处理来自合作者的各种返回值。在单元测试中使用存根而不是真正的合作者可以这样表示:

单元测试——>存根

单元测试——>单元——>存根

单元测试对结果和单元状态进行断言

首先，单元测试创建存根并配置其返回值。然后单元测试创建单元并在其上设置存根。现在，单元测试调用单元，而单元又调用存根。最后，单元测试对单元上的方法调用的结果进行断言。

A Mock is like a stub, only it also has methods that make it possible determine what methods where called on the Mock. Using a mock it is thus possible to both test if the unit can handle various return values correctly, and also if the unit uses the collaborator correctly. For instance, you cannot see by the value returned from a dao object whether the data was read from the database using a Statement or a PreparedStatement. Nor can you see if the connection.close() method was called before returning the value. This is possible with mocks. In other words, mocks makes it possible to test a units complete interaction with a collaborator. Not just the collaborator methods that return values used by the unit. Using a mock in a unit test could be expressed like this:

单元测试——>模拟

单元测试—>单元—>模拟

单元测试对单元的结果和状态进行断言

单元测试断言在mock上调用的方法

>>这里

下面是对每一个的描述，然后是真实世界的样本。

Dummy - just bogus values to satisfy the API. Example: If you're testing a method of a class which requires many mandatory parameters in a constructor which have no effect on your test, then you may create dummy objects for the purpose of creating new instances of a class. Fake - create a test implementation of a class which may have a dependency on some external infrastructure. (It's good practice that your unit test does NOT actually interact with external infrastructure.) Example: Create fake implementation for accessing a database, replace it with in-memory collection. Stub - override methods to return hard-coded values, also referred to as state-based. Example: Your test class depends on a method Calculate() taking 5 minutes to complete. Rather than wait for 5 minutes you can replace its real implementation with stub that returns hard-coded values; taking only a small fraction of the time. Mock - very similar to Stub but interaction-based rather than state-based. This means you don't expect from Mock to return some value, but to assume that specific order of method calls are made. Example: You're testing a user registration class. After calling Save, it should call SendConfirmationEmail.

存根和Mock实际上是Mock的子类型，两者都交换了实际实现和测试实现，但出于不同的、特定的原因。

存根不会让你考试不及格，mock可以。

Mock只是测试行为，确保调用了特定的方法。 Stub是特定对象的可测试版本(本质上)。

你说的苹果方式是什么意思?