Stubs vs. Mocks Stubs provide specific answers to methods calls ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just return a String needed by the code under test used by code under test to isolate it cannot fail test ex: myStubbedService.getValues() just returns the stubbed value often implement abstract methods Mocks "superset" of stubs; can assert that certain methods are called ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() is called only once used to test behaviour of code under test can fail test ex: verify that myMockedService.getValues() was called once; verification fails, because myMockedService.getValues() was not called by my tested code often mocks interfaces

下面是对每一个的描述，然后是真实世界的样本。

Dummy - just bogus values to satisfy the API. Example: If you're testing a method of a class which requires many mandatory parameters in a constructor which have no effect on your test, then you may create dummy objects for the purpose of creating new instances of a class. Fake - create a test implementation of a class which may have a dependency on some external infrastructure. (It's good practice that your unit test does NOT actually interact with external infrastructure.) Example: Create fake implementation for accessing a database, replace it with in-memory collection. Stub - override methods to return hard-coded values, also referred to as state-based. Example: Your test class depends on a method Calculate() taking 5 minutes to complete. Rather than wait for 5 minutes you can replace its real implementation with stub that returns hard-coded values; taking only a small fraction of the time. Mock - very similar to Stub but interaction-based rather than state-based. This means you don't expect from Mock to return some value, but to assume that specific order of method calls are made. Example: You're testing a user registration class. After calling Save, it should call SendConfirmationEmail.

存根和Mock实际上是Mock的子类型，两者都交换了实际实现和测试实现，但出于不同的、特定的原因。

Stub

存根是保存预定义数据并在测试期间使用它应答调用的对象。当您不能或不想涉及与真实数据对应或具有不良副作用的对象时，可以使用它。

一个例子可以是需要从数据库获取一些数据以响应方法调用的对象。我们引入了存根而不是实际对象，并定义了应该返回什么数据。

Stub的例子:

public class GradesService {

   private final Gradebook gradebook;

   public GradesService(Gradebook gradebook) {
       this.gradebook = gradebook;
   }

   Double averageGrades(Student student) {
       return average(gradebook.gradesFor(student));
   }
}

不是从Gradebook store调用数据库来获取真实的学生成绩，而是预先配置将返回的成绩存根。定义足够的数据来测试平均计算算法。

public class GradesServiceTest {

   private Student student;
   private Gradebook gradebook;

   @Before
   public void setUp() throws Exception {
       gradebook = mock(Gradebook.class);
       student = new Student();
   }

   @Test
   public void calculates_grades_average_for_student() {
       //stubbing gradebook
       when(gradebook.gradesFor(student)).thenReturn(grades(8, 6, 10)); 

       double averageGrades = new GradesService(gradebook).averageGrades(student);

       assertThat(averageGrades).isEqualTo(8.0);
   }
}

Mock

mock是注册它们接收到的调用的对象。在测试断言中，您可以在mock上验证是否执行了所有预期的操作。当您不想调用产品代码或没有简单的方法来验证预期的代码是否被执行时，您可以使用模拟。没有返回值，也没有检查系统状态更改的简单方法。调用电子邮件发送服务的功能就是一个例子。

您不希望每次运行测试时都发送电子邮件。此外，在测试中验证发送的电子邮件是否正确并不容易。您唯一能做的就是验证在我们的测试中执行的功能的输出。在其他情况下，验证是否调用了电子邮件发送服务。

Mock示例:

public class SecurityCentral {

   private final Window window;
   private final Door door;

   public SecurityCentral(Window window, Door door) {
       this.window = window;
       this.door = door;
   }

   void securityOn() {
       window.close();
       door.close();
   }
}

你不想关上真正的门来测试安全方法是否有效，对吧?相反，在测试代码中放置门和窗模拟对象。

public class SecurityCentralTest {

   Window windowMock = mock(Window.class);
   Door doorMock = mock(Door.class);

   @Test
   public void enabling_security_locks_windows_and_doors() {
       SecurityCentral securityCentral = new SecurityCentral(windowMock, doorMock);

       securityCentral.securityOn();

       verify(doorMock).close();
       verify(windowMock).close();
   }
}

非常感谢michaowallipski的好文章。欲进一步阅读:

测试双-马丁福勒https://martinfowler.com/bliki/TestDouble.html 测试Double - xUnit模式http://xunitpatterns.com/Test%20Double.html 嘲笑不是存根-马丁福勒https://martinfowler.com/articles/mocksArentStubs.html 命令查询分离- Martin Fowler https://martinfowler.com/bliki/CommandQuerySeparation.html

上面有很多有效的答案，但我认为值得一提的是这个表格鲍勃叔叔: https://8thlight.com/blog/uncle-bob/2014/05/14/TheLittleMocker.html

最好的例子解释!

A fake is a generic term that can be used to describe either a stub or a mock object (handwritten or otherwise), because they both look like the real object. Whether a fake is a stub or a mock depends on how it’s used in the current test. If it’s used to check an interaction (asserted against), it’s a mock object. Otherwise, it’s a stub. Fakes makes sure test runs smoothly. It means that reader of your future test will understand what will be the behavior of the fake object, without needing to read its source code (without needing to depend on external resource). What does test run smoothly mean? Forexample in below code: public void Analyze(string filename) { if(filename.Length<8) { try { errorService.LogError("long file entered named:" + filename); } catch (Exception e) { mailService.SendEMail("admin@hotmail.com", "ErrorOnWebService", "someerror"); } } } You want to test mailService.SendEMail() method, to do that you need to simulate an Exception in you test method, so you just need to create a Fake Stub errorService class to simulate that result, then your test code will be able to test mailService.SendEMail() method. As you see you need to simulate a result which is from an another External Dependency ErrorService class.

存根是一个空函数，用于在测试期间避免未处理的异常:

function foo(){}

mock是一个人为的函数，用于避免在测试期间对操作系统、环境或硬件的依赖:

function foo(bar){ window = this; return window.toString(bar); }

在断言和状态方面:

在事件或状态更改之前断言模拟 存根不被断言，它们在事件之前提供状态，以避免执行来自不相关单元的代码 间谍就像存根一样被设置，然后在事件或状态改变后被断言 假的是不断言的，他们运行后的事件硬编码的依赖，以避免状态

参考文献

极客词汇:Mock 极客词汇:存根 极客术语:间谍 测试替身:假的，模拟和存根