unsigned long upper_power_of_two(unsigned long v)
{
    v--;
    v |= v >> 1;
    v |= v >> 2;
    v |= v >> 4;
    v |= v >> 8;
    v |= v >> 16;
    v++;
    return v;

}

试图为这个问题找到一个“终极”解决方案。下面的代码

针对的是C语言(不是c++)， 使用编译器内置生成有效的代码(CLZ或BSR指令)，如果编译器支持任何， 是便携式的(标准C和没有汇编)，除了内置，和 处理所有未定义的行为。

如果你用c++编写，你可以适当地调整代码。注意，c++ 20引入了std::bit_ceil，它做了完全相同的事情，只是在某些条件下行为可能是未定义的。

#include <limits.h>

#ifdef _MSC_VER
# if _MSC_VER >= 1400
/* _BitScanReverse is introduced in Visual C++ 2005 and requires
   <intrin.h> (also introduced in Visual C++ 2005). */
#include <intrin.h>
#pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
#pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
#  define HAVE_BITSCANREVERSE 1
# endif
#endif

/* Macro indicating that the compiler supports __builtin_clz().
   The name HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZ seems to be the most common, but in some
   projects HAVE__BUILTIN_CLZ is used instead. */
#ifdef __has_builtin
# if __has_builtin(__builtin_clz)
#  define HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZ 1
# endif
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
# if (__GNUC__ > 3)
#  define HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZ 1
# elif defined(__GNUC_MINOR__)
#  if (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4)
#   define HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZ 1
#  endif
# endif
#endif

/**
 * Returns the smallest power of two that is not smaller than x.
 */
unsigned long int next_power_of_2_long(unsigned long int x)
{
    if (x <= 1) {
        return 1;
    }
    x--;

#ifdef HAVE_BITSCANREVERSE
    if (x > (ULONG_MAX >> 1)) {
        return 0;
    } else {
        unsigned long int index;
        (void) _BitScanReverse(&index, x);
        return (1UL << (index + 1));
    }
#elif defined(HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZ)
    if (x > (ULONG_MAX >> 1)) {
        return 0;
    }
    return (1UL << (sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT - __builtin_clzl(x)));
#else
    /* Solution from "Bit Twiddling Hacks"
       <http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#RoundUpPowerOf2>
       but converted to a loop for smaller code size.
       ("gcc -O3" will unroll this.) */
    {
        unsigned int shift;
        for (shift = 1; shift < sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT; shift <<= 1) {
            x |= (x >> shift);
        }
    }
    return (x + 1);
#endif
}

unsigned int next_power_of_2(unsigned int x)
{
    if (x <= 1) {
        return 1;
    }
    x--;

#ifdef HAVE_BITSCANREVERSE
    if (x > (UINT_MAX >> 1)) {
        return 0;
    } else {
        unsigned long int index;
        (void) _BitScanReverse(&index, x);
        return (1U << (index + 1));
    }
#elif defined(HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZ)
    if (x > (UINT_MAX >> 1)) {
        return 0;
    }
    return (1U << (sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT - __builtin_clz(x)));
#else
    {
        unsigned int shift;
        for (shift = 1; shift < sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT; shift <<= 1) {
            x |= (x >> shift);
        }
    }
    return (x + 1);
#endif
}

unsigned long long next_power_of_2_long_long(unsigned long long x)
{
    if (x <= 1) {
        return 1;
    }
    x--;

#if (defined(HAVE_BITSCANREVERSE) && \
    ULLONG_MAX == 18446744073709551615ULL)
    if (x > (ULLONG_MAX >> 1)) {
        return 0;
    } else {
        /* assert(sizeof(__int64) == sizeof(long long)); */
        unsigned long int index;
        (void) _BitScanReverse64(&index, x);
        return (1ULL << (index + 1));
    }
#elif defined(HAVE_BUILTIN_CLZ)
    if (x > (ULLONG_MAX >> 1)) {
        return 0;
    }
    return (1ULL << (sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT - __builtin_clzll(x)));
#else
    {
        unsigned int shift;
        for (shift = 1; shift < sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT; shift <<= 1) {
            x |= (x >> shift);
        }
    }
    return (x + 1);
#endif
}

还有一个，虽然我用的是循环，但这比数学操作数要快得多

功率两“地板”选项:

int power = 1;
while (x >>= 1) power <<= 1;

两个“ceil”选项的力量:

int power = 2;
x--;    // <<-- UPDATED
while (x >>= 1) power <<= 1;

更新

正如在评论中提到的，在cell中有错误，它的结果是错误的。

以下是全部功能:

unsigned power_floor(unsigned x) {
    int power = 1;
    while (x >>= 1) power <<= 1;
    return power;
}

unsigned power_ceil(unsigned x) {
    if (x <= 1) return 1;
    int power = 2;
    x--;
    while (x >>= 1) power <<= 1;
    return power;
}

g++编译器提供了一个内置函数__builtin_clz，用于计算前导零:

所以我们可以这样做:

int nextPowerOfTwo(unsigned int x) {
  return 1 << sizeof(x)*8 - __builtin_clz(x);
}

int main () {
  std::cout << nextPowerOfTwo(7)  << std::endl;
  std::cout << nextPowerOfTwo(31) << std::endl;
  std::cout << nextPowerOfTwo(33) << std::endl;
  std::cout << nextPowerOfTwo(8)  << std::endl;
  std::cout << nextPowerOfTwo(91) << std::endl;
  
  return 0;
}

结果:

8
32
64
16
128

但请注意，对于x == 0， __builtin_clz return是未定义的。

对于IEEE浮点，你可以这样做。

int next_power_of_two(float a_F){
    int f = *(int*)&a_F;
    int b = f << 9 != 0; // If we're a power of two this is 0, otherwise this is 1

    f >>= 23; // remove factional part of floating point number
    f -= 127; // subtract 127 (the bias) from the exponent

    // adds one to the exponent if were not a power of two, 
    // then raises our new exponent to the power of two again.
    return (1 << (f + b)); 
}

如果你需要一个整数的解决方案，并且你能够使用内联汇编，BSR会在x86上给你一个整数的log2。它计算有多少位是正确的，这正好等于这个数字的log2。其他处理器(通常)有类似的指令，比如CLZ，根据你的编译器，可能有一个内在的可用指令来为你做这项工作。

如果你需要OpenGL相关的东西:

/* Compute the nearest power of 2 number that is 
 * less than or equal to the value passed in. 
 */
static GLuint 
nearestPower( GLuint value )
{
    int i = 1;

    if (value == 0) return -1;      /* Error! */
    for (;;) {
         if (value == 1) return i;
         else if (value == 3) return i*4;
         value >>= 1; i *= 2;
    }
}