此代码用于在未排序数组中查找N个最大的数字。

#include <iostream>


using namespace std;

#define Array_Size 5 // No Of Largest Numbers To Find
#define BILLION 10000000000

void findLargest(int max[], int array[]);
int checkDup(int temp, int max[]);

int main() {


        int array[BILLION] // contains data

        int i=0, temp;

        int max[Array_Size];


        findLargest(max,array); 


        cout<< "The "<< Array_Size<< " largest numbers in the array are: \n";

        for(i=0; i< Array_Size; i++)
            cout<< max[i] << endl;

        return 0;
    }




void findLargest(int max[], int array[])
{
    int i,temp,res;

    for(int k=0; k< Array_Size; k++)
    {
           i=0;

        while(i < BILLION)
        {
            for(int j=0; j< Array_Size ; j++)
            {
                temp = array[i];

                 res= checkDup(temp,max);

                if(res == 0 && max[j] < temp)
                    max[j] = temp;
            }

            i++;
        }
    }
}


int checkDup(int temp, int max[])
{
    for(int i=0; i<N_O_L_N_T_F; i++)
    {
        if(max[i] == temp)
            return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

这可能不是一个有效的方法，但可以完成工作。

希望这能有所帮助

你可以遍历这些数字，需要O(n)

只要发现一个大于当前最小值的值，就将新值添加到一个大小为100的循环队列中。

循环队列的最小值就是新的比较值。继续往队列中添加。如果已满，则从队列中提取最小值。

我知道这可能会被埋没，但这是我对一个基MSD的变化的想法。

伪代码:

//billion is the array of 1 billion numbers
int[] billion = getMyBillionNumbers();
//this assumes these are 32-bit integers and we are using hex digits
int[][] mynums = int[8][16];

for number in billion
    putInTop100Array(number)

function putInTop100Array(number){
    //basically if we got past all the digits successfully
    if(number == null)
        return true;
    msdIdx = getMsdIdx(number);
    msd = getMsd(number);
    //check if the idx above where we are is already full
    if(mynums[msdIdx][msd+1] > 99) {
        return false;
    } else if(putInTop100Array(removeMSD(number)){
        mynums[msdIdx][msd]++;
        //we've found 100 digits here, no need to keep looking below where we are
        if(mynums[msdIdx][msd] > 99){
           for(int i = 0; i < mds; i++){
              //making it 101 just so we can tell the difference
              //between numbers where we actually found 101, and 
              //where we just set it
              mynums[msdIdx][i] = 101;
           }
        }
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

函数getMsdIdx(int num)将返回最高位(非零)的下标。函数getMsd(int num)将返回最高位。函数removeMSD(int num)将从一个数字中删除最有效的数字并返回该数字(如果删除最有效的数字后什么都没有留下，则返回null)。

完成后，剩下的就是遍历mynums以获取前100位数字。这大概是这样的:

int[] nums = int[100];
int idx = 0;
for(int i = 7; i >= 0; i--){
    int timesAdded = 0;
    for(int j = 16; j >=0 && timesAdded < 100; j--){
        for(int k = mynums[i][j]; k > 0; k--){
            nums[idx] += j;
            timesAdded++;
            idx++;
        }
    }
}

我需要注意的是，尽管上面的图看起来时间复杂度很高，但实际上它只有O(7*100)左右。

快速解释一下这是为了做什么: 从本质上讲，这个系统试图基于数字中数字的索引和数字的值来使用2d数组中的每个数字。它使用这些值作为索引来跟踪数组中插入了多少数值。当达到100时，它会关闭所有“较低的分支”。

这个算法的时间大概是O(十亿*log(16)*7)+O(100)。我可能是错的。此外，这很可能需要调试，因为它有点复杂，我只是把它写在我的头上。

编辑:没有解释的反对票是没有帮助的。如果你认为这个答案不正确，请留下评论。我很确定，StackOverflow甚至告诉你这样做，当你向下投票。

一个非常简单的解决方案是遍历该数组100次。也就是O(n)

每次取出最大的数字(并将其值更改为最小值，以便在下一个迭代中看不到它，或者跟踪以前答案的索引(通过跟踪索引，原始数组可以有多个相同的数字))。经过100次迭代，就得到了最大的100个数字。

求n个元素中最大的m个元素，其中n >>> m

最简单的解决方案，每个人都应该很明显，就是简单地做m次冒泡排序算法。

然后打印出数组的最后n个元素。

它不需要外部数据结构，并且使用了一种大家都知道的算法。

运行时间估计为O(m*n)。到目前为止最好的答案是O(nlog (m))，所以这个解决方案对于小m来说并不显着昂贵。

我并不是说这不能改进，但这是迄今为止最简单的解决方案。

The simplest solution is to scan the billion numbers large array and hold the 100 largest values found so far in a small array buffer without any sorting and remember the smallest value of this buffer. First I thought this method was proposed by fordprefect but in a comment he said that he assumed the 100 number data structure being implemented as a heap. Whenever a new number is found that is larger then the minimum in the buffer is overwritten by the new value found and the buffer is searched for the current minimum again. If the numbers in billion number array are randomly distributed most of the time the value from the large array is compared to the minimum of the small array and discarded. Only for a very very small fraction of number the value must be inserted into the small array. So the difference of manipulating the data structure holding the small numbers can be neglected. For a small number of elements it is hard to determine if the usage of a priority queue is actually faster than using my naive approach.

I want to estimate the number of inserts in the small 100 element array buffer when the 10^9 element array is scanned. The program scans the first 1000 elements of this large array and has to insert at most 1000 elements in the buffer. The buffer contains 100 element of the 1000 elements scanned, that is 0.1 of the element scanned. So we assume that the probability that a value from the large array is larger than the current minimum of the buffer is about 0.1 Such an element has to be inserted in the buffer . Now the program scans the next 10^4 elements from the large array. Because the minimum of the buffer will increase every time a new element is inserted. We estimated that the ratio of elements larger than our current minimum is about 0.1 and so there are 0.1*10^4=1000 elements to insert. Actually the expected number of elements that are inserted into the buffer will be smaller. After the scan of this 10^4 elements fraction of the numbers in the buffer will be about 0.01 of the elements scanned so far. So when scanning the next 10^5 numbers we assume that not more than 0.01*10^5=1000 will be inserted in the buffer. Continuing this argumentation we have inserted about 7000 values after scanning 1000+10^4+10^5+...+10^9 ~ 10^9 elements of the large array. So when scanning an array with 10^9 elements of random size we expect not more than 10^4 (=7000 rounded up) insertions in the buffer. After each insertion into the buffer the new minimum must be found. If the buffer is a simple array we need 100 comparison to find the new minimum. If the buffer is another data structure (like a heap) we need at least 1 comparison to find the minimum. To compare the elements of the large array we need 10^9 comparisons. So all in all we need about 10^9+100*10^4=1.001 * 10^9 comparisons when using an array as buffer and at least 1.000 * 10^9 comparisons when using another type of data structure (like a heap). So using a heap brings only a gain of 0.1% if performance is determined by the number of comparison. But what is the difference in execution time between inserting an element in a 100 element heap and replacing an element in an 100 element array and finding its new minimum?

在理论层面:在堆中插入需要多少比较。我知道它是O(log(n))但常数因子有多大呢?我 在机器级别:缓存和分支预测对堆插入和数组中线性搜索的执行时间有什么影响? 在实现级别:库或编译器提供的堆数据结构中隐藏了哪些额外成本?

我认为，在人们试图估计100个元素堆和100个元素数组的性能之间的真正区别之前，这些都是必须回答的一些问题。所以做一个实验并测量真实的表现是有意义的。