Although in this question we should search for top 100 numbers, I will 
 generalize things and write x. Still, I will treat x as constant value.

n中最大的x元素:

我将调用返回值LIST。它是一个x元素的集合(在我看来应该是链表)

First x elements are taken from pool "as they come" and sorted in LIST (this is done in constant time since x is treated as constant - O( x log(x) ) time) For every element that comes next we check if it is bigger than smallest element in LIST and if is we pop out the smallest and insert current element to LIST. Since that is ordered list every element should find its place in logarithmic time (binary search) and since it is ordered list insertion is not a problem. Every step is also done in constant time ( O(log(x) ) time ).

那么，最坏的情况是什么?

xlog(x)+(n-x)(log(x)+1)=nlog(x)+n- x

最坏情况是O(n)时间。+1是检查数字是否大于LIST中最小的数字。平均情况的预期时间将取决于这n个元素的数学分布。

可能的改进

在最坏的情况下，这个算法可以稍微改进，但恕我直言(我无法证明这一点)，这会降低平均行为。渐近行为是一样的。

该算法的改进在于，我们将不检查元素是否大于最小值。对于每个元素，我们将尝试插入它，如果它小于最小值，我们将忽略它。尽管如果我们只考虑我们将面临的最坏的情况，这听起来很荒谬

x log（x） + （n-x）log（x） = nlog（x）

操作。

对于这个用例，我没有看到任何进一步的改进。但是你必须问自己，如果我要对不同的x做多于log(n)次呢?显然，我们会以O(nlog (n))为单位对数组进行排序，并在需要时提取x元素。

你可以遍历这些数字，需要O(n)

只要发现一个大于当前最小值的值，就将新值添加到一个大小为100的循环队列中。

循环队列的最小值就是新的比较值。继续往队列中添加。如果已满，则从队列中提取最小值。

我用Python写了一个简单的解决方案，以防有人感兴趣。它使用bisect模块和一个临时返回列表，它保持排序。这类似于优先级队列实现。

import bisect

def kLargest(A, k):
    '''returns list of k largest integers in A'''
    ret = []
    for i, a in enumerate(A):
        # For first k elements, simply construct sorted temp list
        # It is treated similarly to a priority queue
        if i < k:
            bisect.insort(ret, a) # properly inserts a into sorted list ret
        # Iterate over rest of array
        # Replace and update return array when more optimal element is found
        else:
            if a > ret[0]:
                del ret[0] # pop min element off queue
                bisect.insort(ret, a) # properly inserts a into sorted list ret
    return ret

使用100,000,000个元素和最坏情况输入是一个排序列表:

>>> from so import kLargest
>>> kLargest(range(100000000), 100)
[99999900, 99999901, 99999902, 99999903, 99999904, 99999905, 99999906, 99999907,
 99999908, 99999909, 99999910, 99999911, 99999912, 99999913, 99999914, 99999915,
 99999916, 99999917, 99999918, 99999919, 99999920, 99999921, 99999922, 99999923,
 99999924, 99999925, 99999926, 99999927, 99999928, 99999929, 99999930, 99999931,
 99999932, 99999933, 99999934, 99999935, 99999936, 99999937, 99999938, 99999939,
 99999940, 99999941, 99999942, 99999943, 99999944, 99999945, 99999946, 99999947,
 99999948, 99999949, 99999950, 99999951, 99999952, 99999953, 99999954, 99999955,
 99999956, 99999957, 99999958, 99999959, 99999960, 99999961, 99999962, 99999963,
 99999964, 99999965, 99999966, 99999967, 99999968, 99999969, 99999970, 99999971,
 99999972, 99999973, 99999974, 99999975, 99999976, 99999977, 99999978, 99999979,
 99999980, 99999981, 99999982, 99999983, 99999984, 99999985, 99999986, 99999987,
 99999988, 99999989, 99999990, 99999991, 99999992, 99999993, 99999994, 99999995,
 99999996, 99999997, 99999998, 99999999]

我花了40秒计算1亿个元素，所以我不敢计算10亿个元素。为了公平起见，我给它提供了最坏情况的输入(具有讽刺意味的是，一个已经排序的数组)。

我看到了很多O(N)的讨论，所以我提出了一些不同的想法。

关于这些数字的性质有什么已知的信息吗?如果答案是随机的，那就不要再进一步了，看看其他答案。你不会得到比他们更好的结果。

However! See if whatever list-populating mechanism populated that list in a particular order. Are they in a well-defined pattern where you can know with certainty that the largest magnitude of numbers will be found in a certain region of the list or on a certain interval? There may be a pattern to it. If that is so, for example if they are guaranteed to be in some sort of normal distribution with the characteristic hump in the middle, always have repeating upward trends among defined subsets, have a prolonged spike at some time T in the middle of the data set like perhaps an incidence of insider trading or equipment failure, or maybe just have a "spike" every Nth number as in analysis of forces after a catastrophe, you can reduce the number of records you have to check significantly.

不管怎样，还是有一些值得思考的东西。也许这会帮助你给未来的面试官一个深思熟虑的回答。我知道，如果有人问我这样一个问题来回应这样的问题，我会印象深刻——这将告诉我，他们正在考虑优化。只是要认识到，优化的可能性并不总是存在的。

如果在面试中被问到这个问题，面试官可能想看你解决问题的过程，而不仅仅是你的算法知识。

The description is quite general so maybe you can ask him the range or meaning of these numbers to make the problem clear. Doing this may impress an interviewer. If, for example, these numbers stands for people's age then it's a much easier problem. With a reasonable assumption that nobody alive is older than 200, you can use an integer array of size 200 (maybe 201) to count the number of people with the same age in just one iteration. Here the index means the age. After this it's a piece of cake to find 100 largest numbers. By the way this algorithm is called counting sort.

无论如何，让问题更具体、更清楚对你在面试中是有好处的。

我做了我自己的代码，不确定它是否是“面试官”所寻找的

private static final int MAX=100;
 PriorityQueue<Integer> queue = new PriorityQueue<>(MAX);
        queue.add(array[0]);
        for (int i=1;i<array.length;i++)
        {

            if(queue.peek()<array[i])
            {
                if(queue.size() >=MAX)
                {
                    queue.poll();
                }
                queue.add(array[i]);

            }

        }