如果你不关心第k大元素的顺序，你可以使用argpartition，它应该比通过argsort进行完整排序执行得更好。

K = 4 # We want the indices of the four largest values
a = np.array([0, 8, 0, 4, 5, 8, 8, 0, 4, 2])
np.argpartition(a,-K)[-K:]
array([4, 1, 5, 6])

这个问题值得肯定。

我运行了一些测试，看起来随着数组的大小和K值的增加，argpartition的性能优于argsort。

使用argpartition的向量化2D实现:

k = 3
probas = np.array([
    [.6, .1, .15, .15],
    [.1, .6, .15, .15],
    [.3, .1, .6, 0],
])

k_indices = np.argpartition(-probas, k-1, axis=-1)[:, :k]

# adjust indices to apply in flat array
adjuster = np.arange(probas.shape[0]) * probas.shape[1]
adjuster = np.broadcast_to(adjuster[:, None], k_indices.shape)
k_indices_flat = k_indices + adjuster

k_values = probas.flatten()[k_indices_flat]

# k_indices:
# array([[0, 2, 3],
#        [1, 2, 3],
#        [2, 0, 1]])
# k_values:
# array([[0.6 , 0.15, 0.15],
#        [0.6 , 0.15, 0.15],
#       [0.6 , 0.3 , 0.1 ]])

Use:

>>> import heapq
>>> import numpy
>>> a = numpy.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5])
>>> heapq.nlargest(3, range(len(a)), a.take)
[4, 3, 1]

对于常规的Python列表:

>>> a = [1, 3, 2, 4, 5]
>>> heapq.nlargest(3, range(len(a)), a.__getitem__)
[4, 3, 1]

如果使用Python 2，请使用xrange而不是range。

来源:堆队列算法

如果你碰巧在使用一个多维数组，那么你需要平展和解开索引:

def largest_indices(ary, n):
    """Returns the n largest indices from a numpy array."""
    flat = ary.flatten()
    indices = np.argpartition(flat, -n)[-n:]
    indices = indices[np.argsort(-flat[indices])]
    return np.unravel_index(indices, ary.shape)

例如:

>>> xs = np.sin(np.arange(9)).reshape((3, 3))
>>> xs
array([[ 0.        ,  0.84147098,  0.90929743],
       [ 0.14112001, -0.7568025 , -0.95892427],
       [-0.2794155 ,  0.6569866 ,  0.98935825]])
>>> largest_indices(xs, 3)
(array([2, 0, 0]), array([2, 2, 1]))
>>> xs[largest_indices(xs, 3)]
array([ 0.98935825,  0.90929743,  0.84147098])

这段代码适用于numpy 2D矩阵数组:

mat = np.array([[1, 3], [2, 5]]) # numpy matrix
 
n = 2  # n
n_largest_mat = np.sort(mat, axis=None)[-n:] # n_largest 
tf_n_largest = np.zeros((2,2), dtype=bool) # all false matrix
for x in n_largest_mat: 
  tf_n_largest = (tf_n_largest) | (mat == x) # true-false  

n_largest_elems = mat[tf_n_largest] # true-false indexing 

这将产生一个true-false的n_maximum矩阵索引，也可以从矩阵数组中提取n_maximum元素

对于多维数组，可以使用axis关键字，以便沿着预期的轴应用分区。

# For a 2D array
indices = np.argpartition(arr, -N, axis=1)[:, -N:]

对于抓取物品:

x = arr.shape[0]
arr[np.repeat(np.arange(x), N), indices.ravel()].reshape(x, N)

但请注意，这不会返回一个排序的结果。在这种情况下，你可以沿着预期的轴使用np.argsort():

indices = np.argsort(arr, axis=1)[:, -N:]

# Result
x = arr.shape[0]
arr[np.repeat(np.arange(x), N), indices.ravel()].reshape(x, N)

这里有一个例子:

In [42]: a = np.random.randint(0, 20, (10, 10))

In [44]: a
Out[44]:
array([[ 7, 11, 12,  0,  2,  3,  4, 10,  6, 10],
       [16, 16,  4,  3, 18,  5, 10,  4, 14,  9],
       [ 2,  9, 15, 12, 18,  3, 13, 11,  5, 10],
       [14,  0,  9, 11,  1,  4,  9, 19, 18, 12],
       [ 0, 10,  5, 15,  9, 18,  5,  2, 16, 19],
       [14, 19,  3, 11, 13, 11, 13, 11,  1, 14],
       [ 7, 15, 18,  6,  5, 13,  1,  7,  9, 19],
       [11, 17, 11, 16, 14,  3, 16,  1, 12, 19],
       [ 2,  4, 14,  8,  6,  9, 14,  9,  1,  5],
       [ 1, 10, 15,  0,  1,  9, 18,  2,  2, 12]])

In [45]: np.argpartition(a, np.argmin(a, axis=0))[:, 1:] # 1 is because the first item is the minimum one.
Out[45]:
array([[4, 5, 6, 8, 0, 7, 9, 1, 2],
       [2, 7, 5, 9, 6, 8, 1, 0, 4],
       [5, 8, 1, 9, 7, 3, 6, 2, 4],
       [4, 5, 2, 6, 3, 9, 0, 8, 7],
       [7, 2, 6, 4, 1, 3, 8, 5, 9],
       [2, 3, 5, 7, 6, 4, 0, 9, 1],
       [4, 3, 0, 7, 8, 5, 1, 2, 9],
       [5, 2, 0, 8, 4, 6, 3, 1, 9],
       [0, 1, 9, 4, 3, 7, 5, 2, 6],
       [0, 4, 7, 8, 5, 1, 9, 2, 6]])

In [46]: np.argpartition(a, np.argmin(a, axis=0))[:, -3:]
Out[46]:
array([[9, 1, 2],
       [1, 0, 4],
       [6, 2, 4],
       [0, 8, 7],
       [8, 5, 9],
       [0, 9, 1],
       [1, 2, 9],
       [3, 1, 9],
       [5, 2, 6],
       [9, 2, 6]])

In [89]: a[np.repeat(np.arange(x), 3), ind.ravel()].reshape(x, 3)
Out[89]:
array([[10, 11, 12],
       [16, 16, 18],
       [13, 15, 18],
       [14, 18, 19],
       [16, 18, 19],
       [14, 14, 19],
       [15, 18, 19],
       [16, 17, 19],
       [ 9, 14, 14],
       [12, 15, 18]])