对于集合类型，我将返回一个空集合，对于所有其他类型，我更喜欢使用NullObject模式来返回实现与返回类型相同接口的对象。有关该模式的详细信息，请查看链接文本

使用NullObject模式这将是:-

public UserEntity GetUserById(Guid userId)

｛ //假设这里有一些代码来访问数据库.....

 //Check if data was returned and return a null if none found
 if (!DataExists)
    return new NullUserEntity(); //Should I be doing this here instead? return new UserEntity();  
 else
    return existingUserEntity;

}

class NullUserEntity: IUserEntity { public string getFirstName(){ return ""; } ...} 

我同意这里的大多数帖子，它们趋向于零。

我的理由是，生成一个具有非空属性的空对象可能会导致错误。例如，具有int ID属性的实体的初始值为ID = 0，这是一个完全有效的值。如果这个对象，在某些情况下，被保存到数据库中，这将是一件坏事。

对于任何带有迭代器的东西，我总是使用空集合。类似的

foreach (var eachValue in collection ?? new List<Type>(0))

在我看来是代码的味道。集合属性永远不应该为空。

An edge case is String. Many people say, String.IsNullOrEmpty isn't really necessary, but you cannot always distinguish between an empty string and null. Furthermore, some database systems (Oracle) won't distinguish between them at all ('' gets stored as DBNULL), so you're forced to handle them equally. The reason for that is, most string values either come from user input or from external systems, while neither textboxes nor most exchange formats have different representations for '' and null. So even if the user wants to remove a value, he cannot do anything more than clearing the input control. Also the distinction of nullable and non-nullable nvarchar database fields is more than questionable, if your DBMS is not oracle - a mandatory field that allows '' is weird, your UI would never allow this, so your constraints do not map. So the answer here, in my opinion is, handle them equally, always.

Concerning your question regarding exceptions and performance: If you throw an exception which you cannot handle completely in your program logic, you have to abort, at some point, whatever your program is doing, and ask the user to redo whatever he just did. In that case, the performance penalty of a catch is really the least of your worries - having to ask the user is the elephant in the room (which means re-rendering the whole UI, or sending some HTML through the internet). So if you don't follow the anti-pattern of "Program Flow with Exceptions", don't bother, just throw one if it makes sense. Even in borderline cases, such as "Validation Exception", performance is really not an issue, since you have to ask the user again, in any case.

我更喜欢null，因为它与空合并操作符(??)兼容。

在这种情况下，如果没有这样的用户，则最好返回“null”。还要使你的方法是静态的。

编辑:

通常这样的方法是一些“User”类的成员，不能访问它的实例成员。在这种情况下，方法应该是静态的，否则你必须创建一个“User”的实例，然后调用GetUserById方法，该方法将返回另一个“User”实例。我同意这很令人困惑。但是如果GetUserById方法是某个“DatabaseFactory”类的成员，那么将它作为实例成员是没有问题的。

我倾向于

如果对象id不存在，在不知道它是否应该存在时返回null。 当对象id应该存在时，如果对象id不存在则抛出。

我用这三种类型的方法来区分这两种场景。 第一:

Boolean TryGetSomeObjectById(Int32 id, out SomeObject o)
{
    if (InternalIdExists(id))
    {
        o = InternalGetSomeObject(id);

        return true;
    }
    else
    {
        return false;
    }
}

第二:

SomeObject FindSomeObjectById(Int32 id)
{
    SomeObject o;

    return TryGetObjectById(id, out o) ? o : null;
}

第三:

SomeObject GetSomeObjectById(Int32 id)
{
    SomeObject o;

    if (!TryGetObjectById(id, out o))
    {
        throw new SomeAppropriateException();
    }

    return o;
}

更多的肉要磨:让我们说我的DAL返回一个NULL的GetPersonByID，正如一些建议。我的(相当薄)BLL应该做什么，如果它收到一个NULL?传递NULL，并让最终消费者担心它(在这种情况下，一个ASP。网络页面)?让BLL抛出一个异常怎么样?

BLL可能正在被ASP使用。Net和Win App，或者其他类库——我认为期望最终消费者本质上“知道”GetPersonByID方法返回null是不公平的(除非使用空类型，我猜)。

My take (for what it's worth) is that my DAL returns NULL if nothing is found. FOR SOME OBJECTS, that's ok - it could be a 0:many list of things, so not having any things is fine (e.g. a list of favourite books). In this case, my BLL returns an empty list. For most single entity things (e.g. user, account, invoice) if I don't have one, then that's definitely a problem and a throw a costly exception. However, seeing as retrieving a user by a unique identifier that's been previously given by the application should always return a user, the exception is a "proper" exception, as in it's exceptional. The end consumer of the BLL (ASP.Net, f'rinstance) only ever expects things to be hunky-dory, so an Unhandled Exception Handler will be used instead of wrapping every single call to GetPersonByID in a try - catch block.

如果我的方法有明显的问题，请让我知道，因为我总是渴望学习。正如其他帖子所说，异常是代价高昂的事情，“先检查”的方法是好的，但异常应该只是例外。

我很喜欢这篇文章，很多关于“视情况而定”的好建议:-)